Electronic Gadgets Like Apple iPod - A Boon or Bane Essay Example for Free

Electronic Gadgets Like Apple iPod A Boon or Bane EssayIt has become a necessity. But like everything in universe, electronic gadgets too deem two sides to them. I am a house wife. I remember very intelligibly that evening when my husband came home, beaming from ear to ear. He had got a hefty refund on filing his income tax return. And my first reaction was buy me a washout machine. And I was on cloud nine when my first ever washing machine was delivered. Because I must confess that I hate washing even a small hanky with hands. Over the years I surrounded myself with various electronic gadgets. Latest models replaced old ones. I had the same pardon every time that this one works better. Microwave, toaster, griller, refrigerator, vacuum cleaners, dishwasher, geyser, air conditioner, and room warmer the list is endless. No household today is complete without these.They are no longer considered luxuries. They make our life easy. It was ok when mistress of the house stayed back and looked after the house. But today 99% of women are working. They have to balance some(prenominal) home and office. These gadgets are any home makers friends. Electronic gadgets have brought entertainment right inside our living rooms. Today we could see the majestic full solar eclipse taking place in Kabul while sitting in India.Television and Internet has brought the world together. We all are citizens of a enormous global village. Computers and laptops are now part of commercial life at all levels. Corporate offices, business houses, railways, banks, post offices are dependent on computers. Work, which use to take hours to complete are just done with a click of mouse. And you can carry your office with you where ever you go that is if your spouse has no objection. stall phones, iPod, digital cameras, the list is endless. Technology has made our life comfortable rather too comfortable. And this is a cause of concern. No I have nothing against electronic gadgets. I am against our dependency on these gadgets. We fail to perform in their absence. They are meant to serve us and not to rule us.Today we can overtake solar eclipse taking place in Kabul, but fail to hear cries of distress in our neighborhood. Our children are turning computer savvy, but they have not experienced the simple pleasure of climbing up a tree. We have become so used to of air conditioners that breathing in rattling air makes us sick.This dependency is making us physically sick. See the obesity rate in the world all over, especially the developed countries. heel of diseases are also endless like endless gadgets. Lets not make them our masters.

Important Element in the Storys Significance Essay Example for Free

Important Element in the Storys Significance EssayIn the two short stories, Little Things by carver and The End of Something by Hemingway, both authors make the title significant to the storys message. The title Little Things is somewhat ironic in that the word little could refer to the botch or could in position be calling their argument petty, even though the nestling that they are pressing over is a major issue. This caustic remark is significant to the story because even though the parents appear passionate intimately their infant, the argument clearly lies deeper. The title The End of Something could also refer to a reduce of things.In this story valet de chambrey things are coming to an oddity. The end of the mill and the town at Hortons Bay, the end of Nick and Marjories relationship, the end of their fishing trips and the end of their day. two stories are ab bulge the end of relationships however, in Little Things the breakup is angry and violent whereas in Th e End of Something the breakup is calm and brief. The story Little Things is about the violent breakup of two parents. It is implied that they are married but Carver does not explicitly state this.The opening paragraph describes the weather and the time of day, which reflects the imagination of the order, the darkness of the evening mirroring the dark mood inside the house, it was getting dark. But it was getting dark on the inside too. This shows that although the mood was dark, it was not completely jactitate black outside implying that there may still be a s idle glimmer of hope for the young couple that is soon introduced. As the fight and the emotions become more reckless and brutal the light begins to fade, showing that all hope is lost.The characters in the story are not named. This gives their predicament a deeper sniff out of urgency and immediacy. This is used to great effect as when we first meet the man and women, the absence of names throws us directly into the mi ddle of their quarrel. In this piece there is no need to build up the characters with a descriptive foreplay as it is not important to the story, making it more urgent. However in The End of Something we musical note more sympathy for the characters as we have learned about them in more detail.From the line he was in the chamber thrust clothes into a suitcase when she came through the door, we can deduce from the subtext that these people are in some kind of long-term relationship, and the second line of the equal paragraph draws attention to the fact that they are having a heated argument. It is extremely common that in short stories a lot of information is insinuated rather than creation clearly stated and so the reader must draw a meaning from the subtext. The woman is the first to speak. Carver does not use speech attach at all during the story in order to draw more immediacy to the article.The first line of speech Im glad youre divergence Im glad youre leaving Do you hea r? shows that although the woman appears to be angry at her partner and glad that he is moving out it is easily noted that she in fact feels exactly the opposite. This is illustrated by the repetition of the line Im glad youre leaving showing that she is trying to reassure herself that she doesnt need him. This shows irony. The woman continues to barrage the man with slurs, son of a bitch, obviously in an attempt to provoke his attention and convince him to stay.When she states you cant even look me in the face can you? it is blatantly obvious that the man has had some kind of affair. The woman fails in catching the mans attention and therefore when she spies the bollockss picture on the bed she takes it, out of spite. The man follows her turning off the bedroom light as he leaves symbolising the end of their relationship, looked around the bedroom before turning off the light. The baby is also not named showing that although it is the child that they are fighting over, the batt le about more and the baby is merely a pawn in their game of spite or revenge.The man states I want the baby. This immediately provokes maternal instincts from the mother who rushes to keep her child. The infant is continuously referred to as the baby or this baby showing that their child is solely an fair game that the couple are focusing their anger on. The mans request for the baby is not because he necessarily wants the child from issue but more because he sees it as a prize that he can win over the woman. Gradually their battle becomes more physical and violent as the man tries to take that baby from the woman, in the scuffle they knocked down a flowerpot. The baby senses the tension in the room and starts to cry which adds to the anxiety and desperation in the mood of the text, the baby had begun to cry. passim the rest of the story Carver intensifies the atmosphere by using urgent and effective words such as screaming, red faced, gripped and hurting. Nearing the end of t he story the light is involved again, the kitchen window gave no light, this line exemplifies that there was no hope left for the couple and the baby. The lines become shorter to add to the fierce battle that the couple is suffering.The man and the woman both grab the child and pull it in different directions in a hope that one will triumph but we do not know the victor. The last line in this manner the issue was decided, leaves us pondering a number of possible out comes. The man or the woman may have succeeded in snatching the infant for themselves or they may have pulled their baby in two. If so the story appears to be a spoof of the biblical story The Two Women and Solomon, in which a man offers to cut a baby in half to settle a quarrel amid two woman as to who the mother of the baby is.In this story we are left with an ambiguous end. It is very common in short stories that the closing of the story is left undecided, again leaving the reader to make their own conclusion from the clues given. The second short story The End of Something is also about the end of a relationship, however it is handled in a calmer and less violent manner. The first paragraph sets the scene of a calm deserted bay, once a take lumbering town, now reduced to a citizen-free ghost town.The couple, Nick and Marjorie, are rowing through this bay in a calm fashion they were circulate along the edge of the channel bank, but they soon head towards dark water which shows that they are heading towards trouble. They are rowing soundlessly until Marjorie breaks the silence and begins to bubble about the old mill on the shore, describing it as our old ruin this shows that their relationship stretches back a long way. Nick answers unenthusiastically. Marjorie tries to keep up the conversation describing it as a castle, which shows that she sees their ruin in a fairy-tale manner.However Nick is still distant which makes Marjorie have to work hard to keep their conversation alive. Marjorie appears to love everything about their fishing trips. She obviously loves Nick very much and is enjoying spending time with him, She loved to fish. She loved to fish with Nick. Clearly Nick is quite fit at fishing and Marjorie tries to make him feel good by putting him in charge and asking him questions to boost his ego, Theyre feeding, Marjorie said. But they wont strike, Nick said. By this Nick means that he will not strike that night. The couple carries out their actions of fishing with scarce communication and we can tell that something is clearly upsetting Nick as Marjorie is trying to provoke conversation but to no avail. When Marjorie questions Nick Whats the matter Nick? he replies I dont know. The couple set out a picnic on the beach but we can tell that Nick is merely going through the motions as he says I dont feel like eating and all it takes is one line from Marjorie and he agrees.

Apply Bourdieus Work On Fields

Apply Bourdieus Work On FieldsCultural artefact has recently become the main study deep down the sociology department, due to the enquiry sociological interest in forge is increasing. Cultural artefact is the influence that is produced through our unaw arness responses and attitudes toward the company. Hence fashion is important resource that illustrates the reflection of the accredited society or the age, at the same time individuals form and create their personal aspects of unique identity. Through this con textual matter, Crane (2000) who studied the mixer affair in fashion states the fascination of the subject where one interprets their purpose about specific form of finale through clothing. In fact, appropriate appearance was the common knock- sight(a) example of manifestation at point of time. Furthermore, style of clothing or fashion is the indication of the social precondition and gender, which strongly influences either maintaining or severance down the symbolic boundaries.According to Bourdieu, societies reinforce their distance or differentiate themselves from other classes through relishings, which is determined and maintained by the dominant of symbolic hierarchy. Thus, taste perception becomes social ammunition that defines and retrains heathenish objects legitimate from the illegitimate, hence, in the lights of taste formation of fashion, this would be risque fashion from the mass fashion (Bourdieu, 1995).This essay focuses on to justify Bourdieus theory of consumer taste and formation where fashion is applied strategically. Finkelstein notes that fashion is an organisation of knowledge based on restricted access to goods and services (Finkelstein, 199880), and that the ability to realize the fashionable reflects an actors heathen smashing. This is illustrated perfectly in the work of Joanne Entwistle and Agns Rocamora, The Field of Fashion Materialized A Study of London Fashion Week which has aided me greatly in exemplifying Bourdieus key concepts of the writ hug drug report, capital and frame in amplifying our consumer preferences in fashion. In this essay, I entrust attempt to clearly define the concept of field, body-build and capital and how these concepts are used to understand the social phenomena particular to fashion.Bourdieus theory is in continuous subject of interest, which is characterised by the cultural re performance or cultural capital. Especially, it is evaluated that his forms of capital has brought a fundamental shift through bridging Marxists distinction of class with Webers cultural status to his theory. Bourdieu has distinguished that within the competitive society, the forms of capital are sort as implements according to various activities. Hence important concept introduced by Bourdieu is that of capital, which he encompasses beyond the notion of material assets to capital that may be social, cultural or symbolic (Bourdieu 1986 cited in Navarro 2006 16). The period from mate rial to cultural and the symbolic forms of capital is the majority, which conceal the foundation of inequality. Furthermore, Bourdieu states that in that respect are three crucial mechanisms in the forms of capital in class reproduction. Thus economic capital, the foundation of the structural class and based on this creation and standing in the invariable condition, will provide the cultural capital and social capital to convert into economic capital. Cultural capital and the performer by which it is created or transferred from other forms of capital plays a central role in societal index finger relations, as this provides the means for a non-economic form of domination and hierarchy, as classes distinguish themselves through taste (Gaventa 2003 6).The most(prenominal) important contribution and emphasis in Bourdieus capital awareness is an ability to distinguish the capital which could not be captured with only economic capital in the reproducing mechanism of social class. Th ese forms of capital are equally signifi bunst, and fag end be accumulated and transferred from one arena to another (Navarro 2006 17). Bourdieu stresses the common feature of the cultural and social capital, which is used without distinguishing them. Due to the attending reasons, two graphemes of capitals are applied strongly as the mechanism of the production, where the social justice was approved. First of all, to be able to accept these two capitals requires long-term investment and then people who are attempting to raise their class may experience arduousy in overcoming these obstacles. Secondly, unlike economic capital, it is difficult to qualify and for the social members to recognise the role of their capital visualisation within the social production. Therefore, the possessions of the cultural / social capital are related to the ability of generating the deviance in the social status and cultural preferences in the large community, which by all means fashion. Fashion itself states ones social class, which strongly relates to Bourdieus idea of social capitalism. fashion is treated as a cultural subject, in which most emphasis is on fashion as a badge or a means of identity. (P. Braham, 1997, p.121) However, relationship between class and fashion can be divided in two opinions, agreeing to emphasis concord view to disagreeing, in terms of preferences in clothing and fashion is symbolically expressed to differentiate the status of class. In addition, looking through Bourdieus concept of capital, there are two theories, which apply with the correspondence of emphasising the association between class and fashion. One focused on the relation with economic capital and fashion, the other being the cultural capital and fashion. Furthermore, the opposing views have in mind the connection between different characteristics other than class to fashion.Within the significance of focusing the relationship between fashion and economic capital to class and fa shion, there is a common concept by Simmel known as the Trickle Down theory, which illustrates the clothing act and fashion. Simmel perceived fashion as the product, which the economic capital is the foundation of structural class. He excessively at the time identified the Paris fashion as the dynamic interclass mimicry and desire of many kinds. Since the trim class continuously mimic the upper class, the upper classes are in need to search for the new room to differ from others. Thus, according to Simmel (1997), fashion can be seen faddish, however, the period of the communication from top to bottom is considered to be persistent. Moreover, after the WWI, the aesthetics of functional ready-to-wear products were introduced hence the opposing of the top to bottom flow became the movement of Western fashion history.Veblens conspicuous consumption model is in attention with the itemised consumption within the fashion, which is idealised with the revelation of individuals economical capital. His work on The theory of the leisure class (1899-1983) introduces the first response of conspicuous consumption as the development of criticising an idea for the Americas capital concept in profligacy. Veblens states the ones reputation is stand for by the ownership and conspicuousness, which provokes jealousy and symbolises the level of wealth within the group. Furthermore, the typical variation are established in upper-class, for example, ones idleness of spending inconvenient production of time, sophisticated preferences, manners, lifestyle, and so on. All of the above examples are the necessity of time and expenses shown through the economic capital to symbolise ones ability and status. Conspicuous consumption of blue-chip goods is a means of reputability to the gentlemen of leisure. (Veblen, 1899/1983)Veblen argues different view on accepting the class of trend to Simmel. Thus, opposing to accepting new style in put in to expose the indication of the discriminatio n between the lower-class to the community who aims to raise their social standing, the group of society in foundation to inherit the stabilised high status has relatively low tendency of interest in the latest fashion. These analyses has provided with the evidence of peoples motivation on accepting fashion. This leads to Bourdieus primary idea of soma the text La Distinction demonstrates the manifestation of habitus. Habitus is considered as one of Bourdieus most influential concept in his studies. The concept refers to our physical action such as, habits, characteristics, and abilities that we pull in throughout our life experiences which the idea is based on the cultural capital. In addition, it can also be seen as the structure, which is produced by through our thoughts and movement. This in turn, creates our outside(a) social world and structured by the social world. Therefore, habitus can be seen as the collective individuated, through the biological individual. Furthermore , habitus can be similar within groups of people hence seen as a collective phenomenon. Habitus in fashion can be considered as style, it is depended on ones characteristic, the era of the society, and ones social status. This again is emphasised in forms of capital where, without money these types of forms will not exist.To explain the idea of habitus Bourdieu frequently uses the metaphor from the sports feel for the game. importation although our body and mind are constantly reminded of our surrounding, without having to consciously acknowledging it, each individuals has an embodied kind of feeling of the social vistas of themselves. Habitus can also be counted as taste for the cultural items such as fashion, art, food and lifestyle. Adapting this into fashion is reasonably obvious, by observing peoples taste in fashion others are able to detect the mode at the time and also their characteristic, as nowadays individuals use fashion products to reveal their selves. Accordingly, Bourdieu focuses on French society, where all the above cultural items are considered as social class coiffures. He strongly argues that the artistic sensibilities are surrounded by habitus. For example, the upper-class individuals are able to enjoy the rich culture without any limit studyd to others, as they are exposed to the culture since the young age and this becomes their lifestyle unconsciously. Whereas the working-class are too busy and have moderate access to the high art, therefore, they are unaware of such lifestyle. Hence, Bourdieus saying feel for the game cannot be applied to the working-class, as they are not culturally real and is unaware of the game. This same rule also applies in fashion, only the upper-classes are flooded with pre-shows and various kinds of information about trends. After filtering through the designer wears / brands, it trickles down to the street fashion, which then the working-class have chance to view and follow on with less price. However , the unconscious minds of the working-class have strong need to follow the fashion and tends to over spend on things they do not need, they will never be able to feel and experience same way as the upper-class, therefore their demands are higher and cannot see the bigger picture. These kinds of inequality are mistakenly believed that some are born with finer things in their life compare to others therefore this is where the middle-class appears. Middle-class society the new money are introduced to guide the working-class to the better life. Nonetheless, although the middle-class may be wealthier than the working-class, their demands in eat goods are higher than the upper-class. Before the middle-class was created, the high demands of the working-class was not much, as they were busy with their life and had limitation with their spending from the income. However, when the new money society arrived, they were stuck in between, they hope for the high culture social position, as well as having to work hard to stabilise their lifestyle. Therefore, they areHowever according to Navarro Habitus is not fixed or permanent, and can be changed under unexpected situations or over a long historical period (Navarro, 2006, p.16)A trey concept that is important in Bourdieus theory is the idea of field, which are the various social and institutional arenas in which people express and reproduce their dispositions, and where they compete for the dispersal of different kinds of capital (Gaventa 2003 6). A field is a network, structure or set of relationships which may be intellectual, religious, educational, cultural, etc. (Navarro 2006 18). People often experience power differently depending which field they are in at a given moment (Gaventa 2003 6), so context and environment are key influences on habitusWhile Bourdieu is concerned to pay attention to both struc-ture and practice, his field theory errs too much in the direction of a struc-turalist analysis that neglects to f ully papers the ways in which fields are reproduced through the enactments of agents in daily practice and localized set-tings (Crossley, 2004).The world we live in is divided up by various kinds of fields. A field is considered as an organised production of characteristic of the social status, which influences the social situation for the society. However, this so-called arrangement and the association with objective status are fixed in forms of capital. Nonetheless the significance of the form of capital lies within the field. In other words capital is applied to ensure the position of the agent clear in its field. Hence in the society, the predominant in terms of field is considered as the social status. The social statuses are depended on money, which also plays a major part in the form of capital. The source is able to gain its power and influence by using the capital in certain fields. Therefore, the relation between habitus, fields and capital are the transitional source.Bou rdieu believe that the social world is divided into various fields within every way out and subjects, and within those small communities they hands their own set of rules, understanding and forms of capital. Despite the fact that some types of fields may have something in common, Bourdieu distinguishes each type of field as being independent from others. For example, fashion has countless fields hence, each brand has their uniqueness and there are countless fashion brands which hold relatively similar products. However, although they may have similar designs people undertake those point of view as each brands interpretation of the common. Likewise, Bourdieus idea of field lies within these type of division. Although each field holds their own sets of beliefs it is the inevitable fact that they may have something in common, and within those area some field may commence from loosing competition with other related fields. It is inevitable cycle that goes around any type of field, fo r instance field of fashion, each generation of designers and producers are required to raze the well-known artists who came before them. Nonetheless, this cycle continues only to be evaluated by the next new generations of avant-garde who also may believe themselves as unique and powerful, therefore this cannot be redeem in any kind of sense. It can be considered as a fact rather than a cycle, this continues competition to win and resist in each field one belongs to, this idea of cycle or fact is crucial. As Boyne (1993 248) argues, field is a macro-structural concept, which allowed us to capture the role and socio-temporal orchestration of the event. Thus, in bringing together the field participants into one spatially and temporally bounded event, LFW renders visible, through its orchestration, wider field characteristics, such as field boundaries, positions, position taking, and habitus. This rendering of the field is the key to understanding LFW as a critical moment in the lif e of the field as a whole. Despite its ostensive aim to simply showcase next seasons fashionable clothing, reproduce and legitimate the field of fashion and the positions of those players within it.The positions of the agents in the field are determined by the amount and weight of the capitals they have. Field are simultaneously spaces of conflict and competition as agents compete to gain a monopoly in the species of capital that most telling in the particular field. For instance agents in the field of fashion, may use social and economic capital to gain a monopoly on the..Bourdiu him self conceptualizes field as being more like magnetic fields. These varieties of field each have its own internal logic and regulatory principles govern the game on the field.The most important field though is the field of power. The hierarchy of the power relationship within the political field serves to structure all the other fields. fiat then assembled of relatively autonomous sphere of play tha t cannot be collapsed under any overall social logic, like capitalism, modernity or postmodernity. The very mannequin and division of it becomes a central stake to the agents. Altering the distribution and relative weight of the different forms of capital within a field become ten a mount to modifying structure of the field. Therefore fields have historical dynamism about them to have merely ability that avoids the determinism of the classical structuralism.Bourdieus theory of capitals, habitus, and fields exist in many form of category in society. However, these types of theories rely on the social status, and by adapting this theory in fashion illustrates that majority of mode relies on money and upper class society. Without, upper classs experience and adventure in establishing mode, others would not have high chance in experiencing the minimum. This is shown through peoples taste in fashion. Fashion has now become key item to reveal ones character and social status.Bourdieus fo rm of capital illustrates ones identity and their social status, habitus is considered as the unconscious mind revealing itself through style. Fields shows the division of social class. Bourdieu (1980) accounts for the tensions and contradictions that arise when people encounter and are challenged by different contexts. His theory can be used to explain how people can resist power and domination in one field and express complicity in another (Moncrieffe 2006 37)

Relationship Between Leadership And Management

Relationship Between leading And ManagementManagement bottomister be defined as getting things done through others on the other hand, Leadership may be defined as the process of influencing demeanor of an individual or group regardless of reasons, it may be for ones own goal or a friends goals and may or may not be congruent with arrangement goals.While learning the link between management and lead, I should consider the difference between both of these. A conductor has to effect all(a) the functions of management such as planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling Leadership functions come under directing through which behavior is directed to get maximal use of subordinates abilityThus leaders is a part of management not all of it. This implies that strong leader can be a wan carriage because weak in planning or some other managerial function. The reverse is also possible.Therefore Management and leaders are exceedingly interconnected. One withtaboo another is not healthy for an organization.As per kotter (1990) says that managing seeks to produce predictability and order, where as leading seeks to produce organised change. Both rules are necessary except the problems can occur if an appropriate balance is not maintained. Too much emphasis on the managing role can be discouraged risk taking and bureaucracy without a clear purpose.In PAPA JOHN, I can notice some of these conditions mentioned above. The newly appointed manager in papa john is precise efficient in planning the things and his analytical thoughts make him an eminent manager in this industry but unfortunately he is not having some leadership requirements i.e. he does not usually motivate the employees intrinsically. Last month my colleague, who is in delivery department, had achieved 100 percent accuracy in delivery but he was only given with incentives there were no appreciations from the manager but the earlier manager used to appreciate lot and make the achiever fully motivated. deficiency of intrinsic motivation reduced employees involvement in the organization. So they just come, work and move. This culture should not have encouraged. Since the manager doesnt think about these things, by and by he had to face a unspoilt labour problem. When the organization was in need of labors to work on a Christmas holiday, they refused work because the rapport between the manager and employee was very busted. They dont have any value on the organization. That ended up with NO VALUE CREATION on the employees towards the organization.1.2 Impact Of Management And Leadership Styles On Strategic DecisionsIn this competitive world, strategic decisions play a significant role in the organization. Anyway, the decisions are taken by managers so the manager must posses the skills which is essential for decision makingWhenever a new strategy is imposed, the subordinates reaction is inevitable. The manager must forecast the reactions before implementing the new st rategy otherwise a serious problem may arise in the organization that would definitely affect the relationship between the manager and subordinates.For instance, IN Papa johns, the production manager made a strategic decision to avoid late delivery in the organization but the delivery boys didnt follow the new rules and regulation. So he has to be a very strict with these labour.. They subsequently decided to move out the organization that creates the attrition in the organization. The manager should develop an appropriate leadership style which is pertinent to the current decision. Here the manager should have developed PARTICIPATIVE STYLE of leadership which could help employer to motivate the employees rather than making them moving out from the organization.1.3 leadership style can be adapted to different situationsLeadership styles should co-ordinate with the situations to make effective implementation of decisions.Here are some leadership styles and situations.LeadershipSituat ionsAutocratic leadershipThe working environment where responsibility, efforts are low. The group may neglect the ultimate responsibility that would destroy the whole organizations culture.ParticipativeThe group of employees newly enters in organization. The working environment that ask high motivation, interactions and team work. A positive drive should be stimulated.Free-rein leadershipThe environment where the employees are highly matured and self motivated.There are two big extremes Boss centered leadership and subordinate centered leaderships. Both are highly required in the organization to fulfill its situational needs. So a manager should be cautious in selecting the leadership style on the basis of the condition of the organization.IN Papa johns, the leadership style is highly task oriented. Only target achievers get incentive based benefits no appreciation. Because of this, only few employees are motivated. Many of the employees are not motivated. Eventually labor problem is a big issue in the organization. The organization has to face labour turnover problem, downward trend in murder and labour and manager relationship problems. At this situation, the management should adapt participative style of leadership so that the relationship between manager and employees can be developed. line 22.1 The Impact of The Blake Mouton Managerial Grid Leadership system On The Papa JohnsTheory one the Blake Mouton Managerial GridIn the 1940s, in an attempt to identify the behavioral characteristics of successful leaders, Blake and Mouton identified two fundamental drivers of managerial behavior the associate for getting the job done, and the affect for nation doing the work.The Impoverished or the Indifferent Style ( first gear turnout / Low People) A delegate-and-disappear management style. A basically lazy approach. The manager shows a low concern for both people and production.Country Club Style (Low Production / High People) One-sided, thoughtful atten tion to the needs of employees. The relationship-oriented manager has a high concern for people, but a low concern for production. He pays much attention to the security and comfort of the employeesProduce, Dictatorial or Perish Style (High Production / Low People) An authoritarian or compliance leader. A task-oriented manager, he has a high concern for production and a low concern for people. He finds employee needs inessential and simply a means to an end.The Middle-of-the-road or The Status-quo Style (Medium Production / Medium People) Balance and compromise The manager tries to balance between the competing goals of the company and the needs of the workersThe Team or Sound Style (High Production / High People). Contribute and commit. It is the ultimate. The manager pays high concern to both people and production. Motivation is highIn PAPA JOHN PIZZA task oriented leadership strategy is followed. The manager is highly conscious about productivity and business. There is no re flection for labours grievance. Since the labours are available in stages, the manager can easily fine the labour for any vacancy so he never tend to nominate rapport with the labours. Furthermore there is team work is encouraged employees are not motivated enough in the organization. Once my colleague suffered from a serious ill and he took a week of unannounced holiday. Even though it is his mistake taking unannounced leave, he approached the manager and explained the reasons for the unannounced leave but the manager was not ready to listen his words straight away he refused his reasons and eliminated his service that was a worse case so al nearly all the employees hate his way of rudeness towards employees. that made a bad impression on the management so the employees have on the manager and organization so whenever they meet with an opportunity. They quit the job and move out. This is the serious concern for the manager now. So now he has to change his leadership level from Hig h Production / Low People to High Production / High People to achieve a long run leadership development strategy.Theory two The Five-Factor Theory of PersonalityBoth Cattells and Eysencks theory have been the subject of considerable research, which has led some theorists to believe that Cattell think on too many traits, spot Eysenck focused on too few. As a result, a new trait theory often referred to as the Big Five theory emerged. Thisfive-factor model of geniusrepresents five core traits that interact to form human spirit. While researchers often disagree about the exact labels for each dimension, the following are described most commonlyExtraversionAgreeablenessConscientiousnesspsychoneurosisOpennessIntroversion/ExtraversionIntroversion involves directing attention on inner experiences, while extraversion relates to focusing attention outward on other people and the environment. So, a person high in introversion might be quiet and reserved, while an individual high in extrav ersion might be sociable and outgoing.Neuroticism/Emotional StabilityThis dimension of Eysencks trait theory is related to moodiness versus even-temperedness. Neuroticism refers to an individuals tendency to become upset or emotional, while stability refers to the tendency to remain emotionally constant.PsychoticismLater, after studying individuals suffering from mental illness, Eysenck added a personality dimension he called psychoticism to his trait theory. Individuals who are high on this trait tend to have difficulty dealing with reality and may be antisocial, hostile, non-empathetic and manipulative.4In papa johns the manager is Neurotic type of behavior so he doesnt extend friendly relationship with the employees instead he speaks professionally. That makes employees fed up with his behaviors in the organization.This shows the character of the manager is to moodiness versus even-temperedness. Neuroticism refers to an individuals tendency to become upset or emotional, while sta bility refers to the tendency to remain emotionally constant.2.2 Leadership Strategy That Supports organisational DirectionsVision of my organization (PAPAJOHNS)PAPA JOHNS is in the expansion path. It spreads its franchises in many places and now the organization has a vision of becoming a well move multi national company and greater value creation among the employees and customers.Strategy to achieve the visionTo achieve greater value creation among the employee, the organization has to develop the people oriented leadership that favors the employees to take part in the success of the organization. When the employees feel that they work for a organization which concerns a lot for them. The key points to achieve this will better working conditionsAppreciations that motivates the employeesDeveloping synergy in the workCreating employee orientations for making the awareness of change in the organization.Participative kind of leadership that allows employees to explore their views on the organizations. twist good relationship between manager and employees.After implementing these strategies the organization should have good monitoring to control if any changes persist.

Effect of SHRM on Mergers and Acquisitions

Effect of SHRM on Mergers and AcquisitionsIS STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AN in effect(p) TOOL FOR MERGER AND ACQUISITION PROCESS, IN TERMS OF KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND EFFICIENCY?IntroductionFirst chapter of my oratory bequeath talk about the back ground of the proposed dissertation topic. This back ground discussion will lead our focus to the actual fuss bea. As the briny actors of my discussion ar tender so the connect topics back ground, give care HRM, strategical HRM, and integration of SHRM with boilers suit stock dodge and the new subprogram of SHRM especially in the process of amalgamations and acquisitions, will be focused. subsequent discussion will focus on aims and objectives of my interrogation and will withal explain the dissertation structure.BackgroundBusiness world is so dynamic especially in current era when brasss potpourriulation lot more complicated challenges and strict competitions. To cope with new challenges, memorial tablets employe e new focussing tools, methods and philosophies. These tools and philosophies help caution in gaining agonistic advantage to survive in the business world. Among these philosophies, strategic HRM is unmatched(a), which helps businesses to survive and gain competitive advantage in current dynamic environments.To learn more about the role of strategic HRM, first we need to know what strategic charitable election concern actually means, as we know till that pull down that this a management philosophy helping organizations in facing new challenges in ever changing environment. The concept of forgiving resource management is not new. It is on the business horizon from last 100 years discussed and debated in various forms, shapes and names but the actual pitying resource management drive out actually be traced back in 1960s when the importance of employer and employee relationship was more focused. Improved education and skills actually developed the concept of Human resourc e management oer the years. This development took a new turn when in 1980s HRM became the integral part of business scheme and was named as strategic human resource management. That field of business management is actively involved in all business conclusion and plans related to relations of employee and organization.The involvement of SHRM in restructuring and developing organization tin be seen in the shape of different tools and methods adopted by organization like decentralize decision making, flattened hierarchies, schooling and so forthtera This involvement is much needed during Merger and acquisitions process where SHRM suffer help this process in terms of knowledge, skills and efficiency. To allocate resources accurately ,like employing counterbalance stack with right skills and knowledge, organizations need to bring in the SHRM at the time of schema development not at centre of attention or later stages. Introducing SHRM at start of schema making will help organ izations to achieve their goals and objectives of proposed merger or acquisition.Organizations need to manage their human resources very systematically and strategically to gain competitive advantage. SHRM suffers organizations an probability to align and integrate peoples resources with strategic management. This integration and alignment will ensure that right people, working on right places with right tool, implementing right policies to gain boilersuit goals and objectives of the organization.The habituality of SHRM is growing day by day as an effective tool to do effective business. In this growing popularity human resources are treated as the for sale talents and energies of people who are available to an organization as potential contributors to the creation and realization of the organizations mission, vision, strategy, goals and objectives which helps organizations in order to improve the business performance. Jackson and Schuler (2000)My research dissertation will try to establish a link between SHRM being an effective tool in MAs process in terms of a knowledge, skills and efficiency contributor. This link batch be seen in the statement workn by Narasimha,S. (2000) as Strategic HRM take a different colour when we place them as contributing to organisational knowledge stocks. So it is apparent that SHRM is capable of doing much more than the traditional HR in achieving business goals and objectives.Reason to rent This Dissertation TopicAs my dissertation revolves near SHRM so the main reason of choosing this topic is to establish a link in between organizational development and the role of SHRM. My focus would be the areas where SHRM stool maneuver a critical role in developing organizations especially when organizations decide to acquire or merge with whatever other organizations for number of reasons like to increase the share holders apprise, expansions , strategic alliances, door to new grocery stores, elimination of competition et c. comm solitary(prenominal) organizations face swerve problems when they go through these MAs processes, so my main aim is to focus on what should have been done in advance of this process, during and after the process to birth such deals successful. Top management plans, middle level management execute the plans and general employees do what they asked to do, to ensure the success of business plans. In my dissertation I will focus on how SHRM approaches and models can be effectively implemented and executed and how these models maintain the consistency in achieving business goals and objective not unless today but in future as rise up.Another area of my focus would be provision of knowledge and skills by SHRM to the organizations, efficiently. These are new tools and techniques that can have a great effect in the times of mergers and acquisitions and require active involvement of twain sides to achieve set goals.Another field in which I would be looking into to establish my re search is performance management. My research will try to identify the Importance and criticalness of implementation of this system into the organization as this implementation is not easy as claimed by Elaine, D. P. (2009, Pg.3) Performance management is known as the Achilles Heel of human capital management, and it is the c recidivate to hard HR system to implement in organization. This system is all about defining, assessing and refining the work outcomes and attitude of employees. This effective system of performance management should give organization a leading edge as compare to their rivals.There are other related issues which need to be address like maintaining calibre of services with the help of emerging techniques and strategies. Quality in service can be attained by training and development of the employees. Besides that they need costly salary and goodly designations, which can lead employees towards better performance. SHRM have capabilities to address this issue i n very systematic way.Organizations always goes through different phases and some time they need to even face situations like redundancies, re-structuring and some time even closures of businesses. But on the other hand organizations establish strategic alliances and mergers to grow. In this situation HR mangers have to address issues like relocation, new designations, changing nature of job duties, obstacle is changing culture and arranging new training and development programmes. The most sensitive amongst is cultural change which can have really bad effects on business success if not addressed properly. To address this problem area, SHRM can provide solutions like recruiting right people with right talent, knowledge and skill. Actually it is HRMs strategic approach which can motivate employees for smell of work and development of keep company by designing most appropriate HR policies. If some one wants to know the working environment and culture of an organization then he shoul d study it HR policies.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe aim and objective of my dissertation is to find out how strategic human resource management (SHRM) can play a vital role in terms of knowledge , skills and efficiency during and after mergers and acquisitions (MAs) process. How the integration of strategic management ( SM ) with human resource management (HRM) can improve and maintain the scrap of future preferences of the organizations, especially MAs. How useful it could be if we use SHRM as a tool in MAs process to receipts the knowledge, skills and efficiency much needed in this process.If we look at the dimensions of human resource management (HRM) , twain type of dimensions are more apparent, Functional and strategic. in operation(p) issues come under functional HRM and overall company progress and performance is linked with strategic HRM. Majority of Managers involved in MAs are always confused of understanding and implementing the strategy which has been developed over the time. SHRM will focus on the strategy and homework of human resource requirements which are needed on a certain period of time and will ease the difficulties of mangers especially in MAs. This approach will focus on the number of personnel needed along with the behaviour and attitude which can produce best results. This integration will eventually increase the effectiveness of organization in terms of knowledge, skills and efficiency.The study on this subject provides the information that 80 percent of acquisitions were not gone through well or total failure. How can this commonly practiced business strategy end in complete cataclysm? Can involvement of SHRM can provide sufficient knowledge, skills and efficiency that such disasters in MAs can be avoided. charge 80 percent of such deals end up in disasters still such MAs are taking place everyday. There are many reasons of these failures, the most important amongst them is little or poor human side involvement especially strategic human resource management. When two firms merge or one big firm acquire the small one, actually the two different working cultures come side by side. The new culture may be the totally a new one or may be part from one firm and part from other merged firm. Bothe higher managements and middle level managements have different level of skills, knowledge and expertise. Most of the mergers fail when these two different cultures collide. My research will identify that can strategic human resource management provide such assistance which can manage the human side of MAs in most effective way that it can provide knowledge, skills and efficiency to the process.LITRATURE REVIEWIntroductionTo conduct my research I need to take a incomprehensible dip into the pool of related information. The information which will provide the base for my research and will give me a deep insight of the work already done on this or related problem area. The information which would be reviewed in this section of my research will come through books, articles, journals and critical reviews.Mergers and acquisitions are very common and favourite mode of restructuring and return as stated by Andrew and Milledge ( 2006, pg.2 ) According to him, 1980s was the era when almost half of the U.S. businesses restructured themselves. In this wave of restructuring, more than 80,000 companies steepd in merger of acquisition. The limit of popularity of this practice can be imagined with this but most of the mergers and acquisitions were totally or partly flopped due to one or other reason. Why such a huge activity is not well planned, why most of the mergers and acquisitions ends up in disasters. Is there something wrong with the finance side or poor management is the cause of this failure or may be human side of involvement in the process has been neglected. My research will encompass that how an effective human side of involvement in the process can bilk better results in terms of knowledge, skills a nd efficiency. The basic aim of this research is to find out sundry(a) views, ideas and concepts of mergers and acquisitions, causes of their failures especially when strategic human resource management is not actively involved in the process. Along with, the research will review all the SHRM models and their critics, their role in mergers and acquisitions process and how SHRM can provide knowledge, skills and efficiency in the process. As vast data is available on the issue so the research would be narrow down into few headings as below.What is merger and Acquisition?Need of mergers and acquisitions.Main causes of failure of MAs.What is Strategic human resource management?Different approaches and models of Strategic HRMHow SHRM can be an effective tool in MAs process in terms of knowledge, skills and efficiency.What is merger and Acquisition?Most of the businesses are bound with one sell principle, either they have to grow or leave the market. Growth ensures returns to shareholder s, generate pro deceases and gets market share from competitors. On the other hand the businesses without growth lose their market share, lose customers and supremely they disappear from the market leaving great losses for the shareholders. Mergers and acquisitions actually play a very significant role in strengthening the companies or in case of weak business or entrepreneurs, provide chance to avoid exclusion from the businesses as quickly swallowed by the cockeyed business. MAs are very important for a balanced and healthy economy. Corporate history have seen different roles played by MAs, like greed is good role, when corporate businesses buying companies in hostile environment and destroying them and todays flip trends in which MA take place for growth and competitive advantage. Since mid 2004 this activity is in general based on macroeconomic needs of recovery. (Sherman, et al (2005 )MergerWhen two companies or businesses combine in to one unit, its called merger in which only one company survive and the merged company comes to an end only to exist. The surviving company or business is called acquirer which gets all the assets along with all liabilities. Usually in this process prominent companies are always acquirer or buyers and smaller companies are target but some time businesses with same surface and capabilities, both try to cease to exist and they form a new company. Though these mergers take place with mutual agreements, still merger statistics are treating large companies as buyer and smaller as target. (Gaughan, Patrick A. (2005)J. Reuvid (2007) describes merger as a transaction in which both companies agrees to combine and form a new business entity which will issue new shares and on the other hand cancelling all the old individually issued shares. Mergers usually give an impression of equal share of both parties involved in the merger but quite often one company actually enjoys dominance in term of equity and majority in board of direct ors. Usually big businesses are predator and smaller ones are known as victim in all most all transitions.Mergers can face three kinds of scenarios or situations which are beautifully explained by Weston, J.Fred (2001) in his book Mergers and Acquisitions. According to W.J.Fred the first category is synergy or efficiency in which the efficiency level with combined operation is greater than the tote up of efficiencies produced by these two businesses individually. The second category points out the situation when bidders overpay due to Hubris and the value of business remain unchanged. Third category talks about the situation when total value of business is decreased due to mistakes made by mangers or agencies. All these three situations lead the business towards new directions.AcquisitionMergers and acquisitions are the terms usually used simultaneously. In mergers two companies join together to do business under single business entity but in acquisition, business purchases the oth er business entity as whole or part of it as explained by Sherman, Andrew J. et al (2005). They claim that companies do it for many reasons like in 2005 Proctor Gamble acquired Gillette company, Inc. to expand its access to consumer products and some companies acquire other businesses to get access to foreign markets. Usually acquisitions occur to obtain fiscal or strategic goals.Stanley F, Reed ( 2007 ) defines acquisition as a process by which assets or stocks or both of an organization or business are bought by other organization or business. After acquisitions the buyer becomes the owner of stocks and assets and the target or acquired company lose their ownership. Its kind of generic term which explains the transfer of ownership. Its more common then mergers as theres no occurrence of successive mergers.Need of Mergers and AcquisitionsWhy businesses engage in mergers and acquisitions, what are the main reasons, what are the forces working behind this activity which been very po pular in last 2 decades?For almost all businesses the ultimate objective is maximizing profit. Keeping in mind this objective studies shows that traditionally there are two causes of why businesses go for mergers and acquisitions. First one is fiscal in which prime objective is increasing the share holders value and second one is based on managerial motive which focuses on knowledge, growth, sale, performance etc. Studies on this subject shows number of reason behind these MAs and the factors involved behind this activity, all will be analysed from various perspective.MAs are borderless as explained by Sturgess, B. ( 1989 ) in Booming International Mergers and acquisition . Sturgess describe that mergers and acquisitions can be of local nature or it can go across borders. He explains that local firms can go abroad to acquire foreign businesses or foreign businesses who merge or acquire domestic business.These MAs can provide short term finances to companies as described by Fluck a nd lynch (1999). If the firm is unable to finance profitable projects due to one or other reasons they go for MAs to acquire these funds required to finance the big project which will eventually increase shareholders value.The managerial motives under which mangers try to increase their powers or gains and address other issues like maximizing growth, increasing sale volume etc has been explained by Napier, N.K et al (1989) in Communication during mergers the experience of two banks very elaborately.Apart from the traditional motives the academic, researchers and other people involved in this process has begun to think other reasons and causes of MAs brought in by the rapid changes in the business over the time. One of them is Angwin (2001) who states that the firms go for MAs to avoid the venerate of being taken over or being destroyed by other large firms. To exist they simply want to be merged or acquired by other firms where they can remain operative and in the market. The othe r reason what he describes is as public motive in which companies merge or been acquired to increase the performance and shareholders value which allow them to gain all competitive advantages to remain active in the todays competitive markets.Some time companies reach to their due date with becoming more bureaucratic, leaving fewer opportunities for the individuals. According to Lenvinson (1970) MA can help such companies by bringing new ideas, enriched working culture, attitude and fresh knowledge. If such companies will not address there obsolescence on time then they will lose their competitiveness and soon will vanish from the market.Vermeulen and Barkema (2001) also claim that MA can be very helpful in bringing up up-to-date knowledge and techniques in the businesses to survive in the market in long run. The new knowledge can be of in different field of operation in which company is not engaged to that extent but in near future this might be the key knowledge in surviving in business world.All the causes and reasons behind merger and acquisitions can be categorised into seven heads and are known as theories of mergers and acquisitions. These theories can be easily understandable with the help of a diagram as below and can explain the facts which are active behind almost all MAs.Efficiency theory explains mergers as the way of getting synergies into three main heads which are financial, managerial and operational. For example if we look into the financial head then we consider that the financial efficiency after merger should be greater than the sum of individual financial efficiencies. But this theory has been criticised by Montgomery and Sing ( 1984 ). They claims that in any efficient capital market such synergies like financial synergy cannot be achieved then how businesses can go for mergers only on this ground.According to monopoly theory the businesses go for mergers and acquisitions to improve and increase the competitiveness but this competitive ness may not be achieved as criticised by Revenscraft and Scherer (1987). He claims that the monopoly theory is comparatively weaker than efficiency theory due to the unfavourable results on businesses.According to Trautwein, F. ( 1990 ) brigand theory is basically a form of acquisition in which a takeover bid is made to gain the control of shares. Theoretically its not a complex theory as frequently cited in business literature claimed by Thomas Straub ( 2007 ) in Reasons for frequent failure in mergers and acquisitions. He states that this form of MAs is regarded as peoples outcome in which these peoples or raiders attempt to get some of the wealth of shareholders for which they have made bid.Next comes the valuation theory In which Trautwein, F. ( 1990 ) claims that mergers and acquisitions are carried out by top management, the people who have more accurate and true information about the real value of the business. This information is more authentic than the information taken from the investment or stock market.According to the empire building theory the managers are more concerned to maximize their use and thats the only aim in their mind and thats why they plan a merger or acquisition.The process theory try to explain mergers and acquisitions as the result of decision made by the management which may not be rational as management did not considered the alternatives and have not done any deep synopsis. Without a deep and thorough analysis management cant reach on a decision of that critical nature.The economic disturbances like recent assent crunches actually modify and reshape the behaviours and expectations of individual, individual who made the decision of mergers ad acquisitions. So with the change of economic environment many firms go for alternatives and amongst these alternatives MAs is more popular thats why the business engage in this critical manoeuvre. Trautwein, F. ( 1990 )Main causes of failure of MAsMost of the researches and reports sho ws that almost 60% MAs end up in disaster. There are plenty of reasons of these failures and some are explained by Robert F. Bruner ( 2009) in his books Deals from Hell MA Lessons that Rise Above the Ashes. He summed up these reasons in six main heads. mint involved in these deals were unable to take quick and prompt decisions and actions as they were unable to clearly understand whats happening. The reason of there confusion is that the deals are so complicated and shows a blurry picture.Problems of one department or area would travel to other parts of business as flexibility was at its get down level. Problems were not cordoned off and it effects the whole environment.Some weak decisions and extracts were made by management which opened the risks of the emerged firm. Te new firms cant avoid exposed risks which caused a failure. These choices or decisions were either deliberately or mistakenly made.The decision makers were prejudiced by the pasts successes, cost effectiveness, o ver optimism and pride which led them towards wrong choice or activity.Companies were not doing businesses as usual. Errors and problems were common and business environments were lacking of something of important nature.The operational teams collapsed or became ineffective. The reasons behind this collapse or ineffectiveness were existence of different working culture of acquirer and target, problem related to political issues and to much stress on operational team individuals. All these problems broke down the operational teams which resulted in failure.On the other hand Gerhard, P ( 2002 ) claims that the main factor of failure of MA transactions are overestimates of revenue , cost synergies and post-transaction integration efforts which are too slow and having low capacities and are not aggressive enough to address these areas effectively. He explains that these causes are the main problem with MAs which leads these transaction in disaster or some time in total failure.What is S trategic human resource management.(HRM)The concept of HRM was developed in USA in 1960s and seventies with initial academic work done by different authors and then it spread around the world and been adopted by almost all organizations around the world. Brewster (1994, pg.1) The concept of Strategic human resource management or SHRM can be traced back in in1980s and has been distinguished from traditional personnel by moral excellence of the way in which the former ignored , but the later embraces strategy Guest (1993, Pg.213). This integration of strategy make it distinctive from all personnel management forms as concluded by Purcell ( 2001, Pg.59) In following words. The integration with strategy is central to all models of HRM and virtually all authors are agreed that this is the distinctive swash of HRM, compared with personnel. Under this concept the HR strategies are integrated with business strategies to achieve the organizational goals. Under this integration, the strateg ies developed and implemented, lead the organizations to achieve the set goals and objectives very effectively. Its a conceptual approach, in which strategists find an ideal point where in long run human resources should be and how to get there. It also explains how a more strategic approach can be adopted by the members of HR on daily basis to monitor that the HR strategies are assisting overall business strategy and they are adding value in it. Armstrong, M ( 2008 )Earlier concept of SHRM was developed from the two models presented by Harved Business School in 1980 in which business strategy has been integrated in HRM. These two models are known as Harved Matching Model and Harved Framework Model. This was the first time when Mission, Organisation Strategy and HRM were identified as the key player in the success of business. Later on these key players were integrated together to give the right tack to an organisation which leads towards success, effectiveness and competiveness. ( Jain, P. (2005)The activities which immediately or indirectly influence the individuals behaviour to formulate and implement strategically, what ever business needs. As it is a conceptual framework in which individuals are enjoin strategically to achieve the set goals in most effective way. Schuler R. S (1992) defines SHRM as all the activities affecting the individuals behaviour in an attempt to develop and throw away into the practice the strategic requirements of the organisation. This academic Schuler, R.S et al ( 2001 .pg 127 ) further explains that by strategic we mean that HR activities should be systematically designed and intentionally linked to an analysis of the business and its context.Its a combination of two concepts, HRM and strategy. HRM models are used by focusing on strategy and these models are integrated with businesss overall strategy as explained by Armstrong, M ( 2006 ) in his Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. This concept deals with the key philosophies of strategy like strategic intent, competitive advantage, strategic fit and strategic capability etc.He further explains that Strategic HRM is an approach which leads businesses to formulate and implement policies, programmes and practices related to employment relationship, resourcing, performance management, reward etc. These policies and decisions are made on the overall intentions and plans of organization.Some academic claims that HRM and strategic HRM are almost identical concepts as Mathis Jackson (1985 Pg.3-4 ) define HRM as the strategic planning and management of human resources for an organizationHRM is more broadly focused and strategic in nature. Four meanings of strategic HRM has been described by Hendry and Pettigrew (1986 ) asThe use of planning ,A rational way to the design and management of personnel systems which are based on an employment policy and human strategy along with philosophy.HRM activities are matched with overall organisational strategy. To achieve competitive advantage ,human resources are viewed as strategic resourcesThe definitions and statements which explain SHRM, given by different authors and researchers, clearly shows the growing need and importance of strategic HRM in business world. Day by day businesses world is becoming more complex and competitive and strategic HRM can play a vital role in ensuring competitiveness as Jain, P ( 2005 ) claims that today the human resources are viewed as the potential contributors in the achievement of organizational goals with the help of available energies and talent these people have. These resources should have four qualities to maintain their competitiveness as suggested by Boxhall, (1996). These suggested qualities areThat they must increase the value of activities.Rarity and uniqueness must be established.Hard to copyAnd hard to be replaced by other alternatives like technology.The people are the assets to the organizations and these assets should be used strategic ally to achieve competitive advantage and business goals and objectives in long run.Strategic HRM addresss some of the critical issues in organizations which deal with the change in culture, structure and knowledge management and how it can be used effectively. Theses changes can increase the organizational effectiveness and performance. It provides efficient way of matching activities and resources to the future requirement of the organization. It Guides how peoples skills and abilities can be developed over the time and how the change can be managed. Human capital requirements and development of process capabilities are focused under strategic HRM.Different approaches and models of Strategic HRMHuman resources play a critical role in the successful achievement of goals and objectives of an organization. The vital importance of managing human resource and strategically deploying these resources can be well understood by the statement of the Managing Director of British Chrome and s teel in 1998. He stated that There is no other source of competitive advantage Others can copy our investment, technology and scale but NOT the quality of our people. Steve, B. ( 2000 ,pg 222 ) As the importance is apparent so these resources should be controlled effectively to get the maximum results. To find out how these resources can be used so effectively and strategically different gurus and academics of this subject have presented couple of theories, frame works and models. These Gurus and academics have also described how these approaches and models of strategic HRM can be developed and implemented though implementation of these HR strategies is not that easy as HR mangers need to realize the Strategic human resource requirements not only in numbers but also attitudes, behaviours and commitments. Alan, P. ( 2007, pg.271) These models and approaches can be categorised into two types General and Particular approach to the practices of strategic HRM.Universality, Contingency and Configurational , are the thr

A Comparison of the Power of Will in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse N

The Power of Will in Heart of Darkness and revealing Now The story of Heart of Darkness was capable to film after many failed attempts. (Hearts of Darkness, Coppala E.). Finally, director Francis Coppala collaborated with his friend John Milius on writing a cloak play for Conrads masterpiece. The two came up with Apocalypse Now, utilizing a more modern range than the original story which was based in imperialistic Europe. The modern setting was that of the Vietnam war. Apocalypse Now focuses on the insanity of a decorated military colonial. Kurtz intended to enlighten the natives, but instead he circums to the primal temptations of the jungle and goes insane. (Hearts of Darkness, Coppala E.) The allegory of Joseph Conrad, as seen in Heart of Darkness, represents the teachings of the German philosopher and wishful thinker Arthur Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer thought of the arna as having two distinct entities, both of which are parts of the whole world. First, thither is the world of representation or appearance. This is the phenomenal world which is made of tangible objects. For Schopenhauer the second entity being the thing-in-itself is leave, and is the cause of everything. Frost. The phenomenal world world of representation is and an image it mirrors the will, the real world. (Sahakian). Schopenhauer, being of pessimistic views, argued will to be a force that both creates all and destroys all in its insatiable demand for More More of what it does non know it only knows that it wants more. (Palmer). All human actions are a result of will. As seen through the character of Kurtz, the world of will manifestates suffering, evil, and insanity into the world of perception. in that location are m... ..., Francis Copala, and John Milius. Paramount, 1989. Palmer, Donald. Looking at philosophy The Unbearable Heaviness of Philosophy Made Lighter. 1988. Mountain View, CA Mayfield Publishing Company, 1994. Sahakian William S. History of Philosophy. New York, Barnes and portentous Books, 1968. Schopenhauer, Arthur. Essays and Aphorisms. Trans. R. J. Hollingdale. New York, Penguin Books, 1970. Works Consulted Boyle, Ted E. Symbolism and Meaning in the Fiction of Joseph Conrad. 1965. Folcroft, PA The Folcroft Press, 1969. Johnson, Bruce. Conrad?s Models of Mind. Minneapolis Minnesota UP, 1971. Murfin, Ross C. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. New York St. Martin?s Press, 1989. Wollaeger, Mark A. Joseph Conrad and the Fictions of Skepticism. Stanford, CA Stanford UP, 1990. A Comparison of the Power of Will in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse NThe Power of Will in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now The story of Heart of Darkness was adapted to film after many failed attempts. (Hearts of Darkness, Coppala E.). Finally, director Francis Coppala collaborated with his friend John Milius on writing a screen play for Conrads masterpiece. The two came up with Apocalypse Now, utilizing a more modern setting than the original story which was based in imperialistic Europe. The modern setting was that of the Vietnam war. Apocalypse Now focuses on the insanity of a decorated military colonial. Kurtz intended to enlighten the natives, but instead he circums to the primal temptations of the jungle and goes insane. (Hearts of Darkness, Coppala E.) The fiction of Joseph Conrad, as seen in Heart of Darkness, represents the teachings of the German philosopher and idealist Arthur Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer thought of the world as having two distinct entities, both of which are parts of the whole world. First, there is the world of representation or appearance. This is the phenomenal world which is made of tangible objects. For Schopenhauer the second entity being the thing-in-itself is will, and is the cause of everything. Frost. The phenomenal world world of representation is merely an image it mirrors the will, the real world. (Sahakian). Schopenhauer, being of pessimistic views, argued will to be a force that both creates all and destroys all in its insatiable demand for More More of what it does not know it only knows that it wants more. (Palmer). All human actions are a result of will. As seen through the character of Kurtz, the world of will manifestates suffering, evil, and insanity into the world of perception. There are m... ..., Francis Copala, and John Milius. Paramount, 1989. Palmer, Donald. Looking at Philosophy The Unbearable Heaviness of Philosophy Made Lighter. 1988. Mountain View, CA Mayfield Publishing Company, 1994. Sahakian William S. History of Philosophy. New York, Barnes and Noble Books, 1968. Schopenhauer, Arthur. Essays and Aphorisms. Trans. R. J. Hollingdale. New York, Penguin Books, 1970. Works Consulted Boyle, Ted E. Symbolism and Meaning in the Fiction of Joseph Conrad. 1965. Folcroft, PA The Folcroft Press, 1969. Johnson, Bruce. Conrad?s Models of Mind. Minneapolis Minnesota UP, 1971. Murfin, Ross C. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. New York St. Martin?s Press, 1989. Wollaeger, Mark A. Joseph Conrad and the Fictions of Skepticism. Stanford, CA Stanford UP, 1990.

Body Image in Children and Adolescents Essay examples -- Self Esteem W

Body Image in Children and AdolescentsWhat is body image? A two-dimensional model of body image incorporates both perceptual and emotional components. It focuses on both how we feel about the sizing and shape of our bodies and how accurately we perceive our body size as well. A more recent cognitive border on suggests that body image is a complex set of cognitive schema. A schema is a grouped body of knowledge. Groups of schema argon readily easy for important tasks such as guiding behavior, circumstantial scripts (or dialogue), and evoking the appropriate emotional, somatic, visual, and auditory responses in certain situations. The cognitive schema for body image is an organized eye socket of knowledge about oneself and others. Different situations evoke different schema. For example, watching a runway show or looking at a womens magazine publisher filled with page after page of waifs may evoke the Im fat schema, while being complimented for how good your body looks in a certain dress may evoke the Im sexy schema. We begin constructing schema from a young age thus, by the time we are adults we have been through many experiences and established very elaborate schema. Such elaborate constructs are resistant to change. These schema influence our perception of the world and ourselves, our feelings, and our behaviors. any culture around the globe stresses specific ideals for body image. In the United States and many other countries, the media plays a big role in how we view ourselves- it shows us what is good and what is bad. In many ways our society infiltrates our concept of ideal body image by setting unrealistic expectations for both genders. At an primordial age we are instructed to pay special attention to our appearance. A... ...ertal development among male and female adolescents. Adolescence, 34(133), 69-79. Gardner, R.M., Friedman, B.N., & Jackson. (1999) Hispanic and White childrensJudgements of perceived and ideal body size in self and others. The Psychological Record, 49(4), 555-564. Wong, Y., Bennink, M.R., Wang, M., & Yamamato, S. (2000) Overconcern aboutthinness in 10- to 14-year old schoolgirls in Taiwan. American Dietetic Association, 100(2), 234-237. ODea, J. & Maloney, D. (2000) Preventing eating and body image problems inChildren and adolescents using the health promoting schools framework.The Journal of School Health, 70(1), 18-21. Coller, T.G. & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (1999) Taste of food, fun, and fitnessA community-based program to teach young girls to feel better about their bodies.Journal of aliment and Education, 31(5), 292-293.