The impact of culture on entrepreneurial management Essay

The impact of culture on entrepreneurial management - Essay Example Hofstede defines culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the members of one human group from another†¦. Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values; and values are among the building blocks of culture† (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2005). Culture is learned and not inherited. Individuals are born into and shaped by that culture which has been existing. This culture influences the way we think, behave and act. Culture can be referred as the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate social behaviour (Rugman & Hodgetts, 2002). Cultural differences can be found at the regional, national, ethnic, and organizational levels. Hence, Hofstede (1991) suggested that cultural influences on organizations "are most clearly recognizable at the national level" (cited by Justin, 2002). This has been the most widely accepted definition of culture and this essay will determine the impact of culture on indigenous entreprene urs, immigrant entrepreneurs and women entrepreneurs. Culture influences attitudes and behavior, varies within and across nations and within and across ethnicities, and is strongly embedded in indigenous communities. (Lindsay, 2005). Culture influences the motives, values, and beliefs of individuals (Hayton, George, & Zahra, 2002) that reflects on their attitudes. In term of business, people would view and conduct their business differently according to their attitude, which is derived from their own culture. â€Å"If we learn anything from the history of economic development, it is culture makes all difference† (Landes, 1998). Maznevski et al., (2002) state that culture is a group-level phenomenon, but it influences individuals’ perception, values and behaviour, especially with respect to social interaction. It is thus evident that culture is an important factor of economic success. Culture is a big influence

Findings Chapter on Resilience Research

Findings Chapter on Resilience Research Chapter four: Stage 1 qualitative data collection, analysis and empirical findings Introduction This chapter discusses the first stage of empirical study, including its data collection, data analysis and findings. This chapter discusses how different data collection and analysis methods were used during the research to find answers to the research questions. In particular, this chapter describes the use of semi-structured interview method to collect data for the research (next section). Sampling techniques used for the study are discussed, followed by the development of interview questions and process of conducting interviews. Then the qualitative data analysis approach will be discussed. Empirical findings of the stage one are presented and explained in detail. This chapter will also highlight the contribution to the concept of resilience. This would be achieved through incorporating empirical findings to refine the Proactive Performance Measurement for SC resilience (2PM-SCR) framework earlier developed from the literature. Four matrices have been developed to define the relations between the three main constructs of supply chain resilience: risks, KPIs, and capabilities. Sampling technique The number and content of interviews was based non-probability sampling techniques; Purposive (Judgmental), and Snowball sampling. The initial participant sample is based on the participants interest to participate in the research. In purposive sampling, participants were selected based on pre-selected criteria which will best enable the researcher to answer the research questions. Thus, purposive sampling ensures adequate representation of important themes. Then each interviewee was asked towards the end of the interview whom they may think would be suitable for a similar interview and who may be knowledgeable about the phenomena (snowball sampling). Thus, recommendations will be taken from people who know people who know that they are suitable for similar lines on questioning around the research framework. Purposive sampling represents a group of different non-probability sampling techniques. Also known as judgmental, selective or subjective sampling, purposive sampling relies on the judgement of the researcher when it comes to selecting the units (e.g., people, cases/organisations, events, pieces of data) that are to be studied. Usually, the sample being investigated is quite small, especially when compared with probability sampling techniques. In purposive sampling technique, the suitable interview participants were identified through industry contacts after they have been assessed based on the following criteria as stated earlier: The sample should be from the FMCG industry covering any of the FMCG categories such as (Food, Home, Personal Care, Agriculture, Retail, Medicinal Herbs, Bakery, Beverages, Dairy products, fast food) The company must be at least medium-sized (From 10 to 249 Employee) or Large-sized (Greeter than 249 Employees). SC manager interviewed must have a level of experience of more than 5 years. Company Type / Function ( Manufacture Distributor Supplier Retailer) To cover at least 3 categories of FMCG The sample should provide access to its key information (primary data) In application to my research, two informal meetings were conducted with experts from the SC Council Middle East Chapter based in Egypt. I was recommended to look for 35 companies from the FMCG that have appropriate SC activities. So I have emailed all the 35 companies and I have got 25 responses out of the 35 that were willing to participate in my research. From those 25 companies, 5 companies were neglected because either their SC activities are very limited or the people involved in the SC activities have less than 5 years of experience which will subsequently give a lack of understanding of the issue of y research. After the 25 companies were chosen, snowball sampling was obtained by asking participants to suggest someone else who was appropriate for the study. For example, Americana Olives SC manager was asked to suggest other companies which could contribute to the research, he recommended Americana Cakes SC manager. Nevertheless, based on the researcher knowledge and judgement , some companies were found to be not suitable for this research. In order to have a good sample to the research, 30 companies have been chosen that apply to the criterias that previously stated. The companies were selected by taking into consideration their position in the FMCG SC (i.e. supplier/manufacturer/distributor/retailer). It is essential to have companies that are continuously managing their SC in order to get a deeper understanding of the risks and different problems that face the entire network. The companies shall continuously manage their SC and be medium sized or big companies. Its important to get interviews with people with the right competence within the company in order to get the most insight from the interviews. Each expert who participated in the interview had direct involvement of the respective SCM position in MER and they all had direct work experience in supply chain for more than 10 years which indicates the high level of skills, in the field of supply chain. The choice to use a smaller number of cases were deliberate as it makes it possible to have  a more in depth study of the cases and is in this case more suitable. All interviewees were contacted over the phone by explaining the research topic, research questions, objectives and purpose of the interviews, in order to obtain their consent to participate in the interviews. All interviews were conducted on-site and were audio recorded with the consent of participants for word-for-word transcribing purposes. One interview was on average of 1.5 to 2 hours in duration. More information about the interviews will be discussed in the next section. The data collection will help in generating theory by jointly collecting data and analysing them to be the building block of the iterative conceptual model. Saunders et al. (2009) suggest to continuingly collect qualitative data such as by conducting additional interviews, until data saturation is reached; in other words until the additional data collected provides few, if any, new insights. In this study, interviews were conducted with 30 companies in the FMCG industry. Moreover, to cover different sectors in the industry; such as diary, food, retailers, and healthcare. Interviewing the 30 companies helped to gain adequate information to be able to generalize the findings. Apparently, there was an intention to involve a larger sample size since different participants might have different opinions and perceptions. But as the same time, if a large sample is used, data becomes repetitive (Glaser and Strauss, 1967). This is called the saturation point when the collection of new data wont add further insight to the research performed. The idea of data saturation in studies is important; nevertheless, it does not provide a practical guide for when this point has been touched (Guest et al., 2006). Moreover, authors argued that analysing interview results can be one of the methods that help to figure out the point at which data saturation has been attained (Bernard, 2012). Thus, owing to the exploratory nature of this research, saturation was not less below the 30 companies interviewed since new risks, capabilities, and KPIs were explored based on the companys place in the network (i.e. supplier/manufacturer/distributor/retailer) and the category of FMCG underneath the company falls. Empirical data collection After setting the criteria for the companies that could be part of this research, it has been assured that each SC manager who participated had direct involvement of the respective SCM position in MER and they all had direct work experience in SC for at least five years which indicated the high level of skills in the field of SC as previously stated in the previous section. The 30 companies have experience in SC shown in Table 4.1 representing manufacturing, supplier, distribution and retail sectors in MER. The category, country, company, size, level of experience, and the type of the company are shown in the columns of Table 4.1. The number of employees column provides an indication of the company size. In other words, the sample consists of mid and large scale companies with various business natures. Moreover, an interview template (see Appendix 1) was developed and used for this study and there was always freedom for participants to express their ideas with respect to the context being discussed. For further details about the background of the companies please check Appendix 1. Table 4.1: Summary of the companies involved in the empirical phase Category Country Interview with Food 8 Multinational 15 Supply chain top and middle management 5 Home and Personal Care 1 Local 15 Supply chain top management 25 Food and Personal Care 1 Company Size Type Agriculture 1 Medium-sized 2 Manufacture Distributor 13 Retail 4 Large-sized 28 Manufacture Distributor Supplier 10 Agriculture and Medicinal Herbs 1 Experience Manufacturer 1 Food and Bakery 1 More than 15 years 10 Retailer 4 Beverage 2 More than 10 years 9 Manufacture Retail 2 Dairy 5 More than 20 years 3 Medicinal Herbs 1 More than 5 years 6 Fast Food 2 More than 25 years 2 Dairy and Cheese 3 Conducting interviews The interviews were conducted in person to over a period of 15 months from May 2015 to August 2016. Interview times ranged from 90 minutes to 120 minutes, depending on the interviewees schedule and availability. Ethical issues have been considered as stated earlier through gaining informed consent and making confirming that the interview data will be treated as confidential to be used only for research purpose. Thus, a permission of audio recording the interviews was asked for in the beginning of the interview. The audio files were highly useful to help transcribe all interviews word-for-word in order to reduce the biasness and increase the reliability and validity of the research by obtaining confirmation for each transcription from respective interview participant. Moreover, this was because taking notes during the interviews might cause the researcher to lose focus of important data. Additionally, notes taking consume time due to interview time limitation. The researcher started the interview by introducing himself and giving an overall brief about the research conducted. Then, respondents were free to express themselves on any question asked. The interview template consists of nine sections (See Appendix 1). It starts with general questions asking about the company and the interviewee, then general specific SC questions are asked to know an overview of how the network looks like. Then, the researcher gets more specific sections to ask about the four main SC functions; purchasing, warehousing, planning, and logistics. The last three sections are concerned about the risks that the company faces, and a section asking about the risks facing the entire SC, and a final section questions regarding the SC resilience awareness, SC capabilities and resilience KPIs. After each question, the researcher confirmed with the interviewees about the meaning of their answers to make sure that the answers are well understood. Moreover, asking open-ended questions gave the interviewees to incorporate more data, themes, and attitudes towards some issues that may be useful while analysing the data collected. However, the intention of the interview questions was not just to confirm the important factors in the literature but rather to discover other new factors to be able to refine the 2PM-SCR conceptual framework pre-developed earlier. Data analysis process Qualitative data analysis consists of identifying, coding, and categorizing patterns or themes found in the data. The analytical skills of the researcher highly affects the clarity and relevance of the findings. Consequently, these skills would be either a great strength or weakness of any qualitative based research. However, it is crucial that the researcher reports and documents the analytic processes and procedures fully and truthfully so that others can evaluate the credibility of the researcher and their findings (Braun and Clarke, 2006). The Qualitative analysis process as proposed by Creswell (2009) starts by data collection and management, then the raw data are organized to be coded and described, after that comes the stage of conceptualization, classifying, categorizing, and identifying themes to be connected and interrelated together. At last, it is the interpretation process by creating explanatory accounts that provide meanings to the identified themes. The data collected through semi-structured interviews were qualitative data of participants opinions and ideas on the subject being discussed. Each interview audio file was transcribed word- for-word in order to avoid missing any element from the responses given by the interview participant. The analysis of the data started with some prior knowledge, initial analytic interests and thoughts. The transcription process was also an excellent way for the researcher to begin the process of familiarizing themselves with the interview data and creating meanings from them. According to Bird (2005), transcription is a key phase of data analysis within an interpretative qualitative methodology. The majority of the recorded interviews were first translated from Arabic into English and then transcribed. Therefore, during this stage, I had the opportunity to immerse myself in the collected data to the extent that he was familiar with the depth and breadth of the content. Afterwards, transcripts were carefully edit ed to clean them from irrelevant phrases which were not relevant to the interview topic. A combination of two qualitative data analysis methods have been used (see Figure 4.1) to analyse the cleaned transcripts: thematic analysis (Tharenou et al., 2007; King and Horrocks, 2010) and comparative analysis (Miles and Huberman, 1994; Dawson, 2002). The thematic analysis has been used to allow new SC resilience themes (i.e. capabilities, KPIs and risks in this case) to emerge by coding openly and to confirm existing themes from the transcripts and documents, whilst comparative analysis method has been used to examine the set of themes across the 30 companies to detect the strength of evidence from empirical data (Dawson, 2002; Tharenou et al., 2007). The coding step comprised 3 key activities: identifying and confirming the themes of what, how, why and with-what for the risks, capabilities, and KPIs based on the frequency of occurrence of empirical data support from the 30 companies. Then the categories were derived and the findings were associated to relevant categories/topic s in order to increase the understanding of integrative work on SC resilience. Finally, the initial conceptual framework was refined, by integrating and summarizing the empirical findings. Since there was a high volume of interview data, NVIVO software was used in this research because it has various advantages, such as reducing the manual tasks and giving more time to discover tendencies, recognize themes and derive conclusions (Wong, 2008). Figure 4.1: Qualitative Data Analysis steps Integrating thematic and comparative analysis methods Thematic analysis and comparative analysis were used in order to analyse qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews with SC managers from the 30 FMCG Companies. The themes were identified through coded data and categorized using thematic analysis. Therefore, thematic analysis should be seen as a foundational approach for qualitative analysis and can be defined as an approach that is used for identifying, extracting, analyzing and reporting patterns (themes) within the collected textual materials and then organizing and describing those themes in detail (Braun Clarke 2006). The step of generating the initial codes started when the researcher had become familiar with the data through the generation of an initial list of ideas about what was in the data and what was interesting about them. The QSR NVIVO was used to perform the second step of the data analysis. This was done by grouping and naming selections from the text within each data item. As suggested by Braun and Clarke (2006), the researcher coded as many potential themes and patterns as possible as it is never possible to know what might become of interest later on. The result of this step was a long list of the different codes that the researcher had identified across the data. In searching for themes, there was a need to re-focus the analysis at a broader level than had been undertaken with the codes. This required sorting and organizing all the different relevant codes into potential themes. This step ended when a collection of possible themes and sub-themes was generated, together with related codes. A thematic map was then refined to consider whether the collated codes for each theme appeared to form a coherent pattern, whether the individual theme was valid in relation to the entire data set, and if the thematic map accurately reflected the meanings evident in the data set as a whole (Braun Clarke 2006). After the step of searching for themes, the researcher came up with a set of themes. Throughout the analysis, the researcher identified a number of themes following the three phases underlined by King and Horrocks (2010): [1] Descriptive coding (first-order codes): the researcher classifies the transcribed data from the interviews that allocates descriptive codes and help in answering the research questions. [2] Interpretative coding (second-order themes): The descriptive codes allocated which seems to carry common meaning are grouped allocated are grouped and an interpretive code is created. [3] Defining overarching themes (aggregate dimensions): Overarching themes that can describe the main concepts in the analysis are identified. In application to this research, the second-order themes were identified using first-order codes, and they were categorized as aggregated dimensions to reveal the main categories of risks, capabilities, and KPIs. The comparative analysis is closely connected to thematic analysis (Dawson, 2002) and used with thematic analysis in this research. Using this method, data from different companies is compared and contrasted and the analysis continues until finding got saturated from the data collected. Comparative and thematic analyses are frequently used together within the same research data analysis, through moving backwards and forwards between transcripts, memos, notes and the literature in order to confirm the themes emerged through thematic analysis (Dawson, 2002; King and Horrocks, 2010). Comparative analysis was used to confirm the second-order themes discovered in the empirical findings for the three main SC constructs (risks, capabilities, and KPIs) to identify the similarities, agreements, and dis-agreements across the 30 companies interviewed. Consistent with the scaling structure adopted by Rihoux and Ragin (2008) shown in Table 4.2, the second-order themes are counted based on how frequently is referred to in the empirical data. Triple ticks (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡) represent strong evidence, double ticks (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡) represent average evidence, single tick (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡) represents weak evidence, and no ticks represent no evidence supported. Table 4.2: Scales used for comparative analysis Scale Symbol Frequency ofoccurrence No evidence [blank] Zero Weak evidence à ¢Ã…“â€Å" Between 1 and 4 (1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤xà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤4) Average evidence à ¢Ã…“â€Å"à ¢Ã…“â€Å" Between 5 and 8 (5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤xà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤8) Strong evidence à ¢Ã…“â€Å"à ¢Ã…“â€Å"à ¢Ã…“â€Å" More than or equal 9 (9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤x) Source: Rihoux and Ragin (2008) Empirical findings that have been presented in narrative discussion above, will be analysed with existing studies. The purpose of this analysis is to examine whether evidences confirm, unconfirmed or existing studies. comparative analysis used  particularly to confirm the discovery of knowledge determinates and knowledge flows  (in the knowledge network model) revealed through thematic analysis. Empirical findings from stage one The most common way of writing up the thematic  analysis is to describe and discuss each overarching theme in turn, stating examples from the data and using quotes to facilitate theme characterisation.Braun and Clarke  (2006) argue that the aim of compiling the thematic analysis is not merely a descriptive  summary of the content of the theme, but rather building a narrative that informs the  reader how research findings have cast light upon the issue in hand. Moreover, Symon  and Cassell (2012) highlighted that whatever approach is selected, the use of direct  quotes from the participants is necessary. These quotes should normally include both  short quotes to aid the understanding of specific points of interpretation and more  extensive passages would provide readers a flavour of the original texts.

Nicholas: The Last Tsar :: essays research papers

In his book, The Last Tsar, Edvard Radzinsky describes a very interesting viewpoint of the life and death of Nicholas Alexandrovich, the last Russian Tsar. Radzinsky's illustration of this ill-fated monarch follows the diaries of Nicholas from their beginning on March 1, 1881, to the final entry on July 16, 1918.1 Radzinsky mainly goes over pre-marital relationship between Nicholas and Alexandra, the medical condition of Nicholas' son, Alexei, and the imprisonment and execution of Nicholas and his family. The relationship between Nicholas II and Alexandra began in 1884. Alexandra, the daughter of Louis IV, the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, a tiny state in Germany, was born in 1872.2 Her grandmother was Queen Victoria of England, her oldest sister married an English prince, her second sister married a Russian Grand Duke and her third sister married a German prince. Nicholas and Alexandra met during the wedding of her second sister, Ella, to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. Alexandra was only twelve and Nicholas was only sixteen, but he stated in his diary that he fell in love with her a first sight. Nicholas' father, Tsar Alexander III, did not approve of Alexandra, because of the fact that she was the granddaughter of the English Queen. Instead, he suggested that Nicholas marry a princess from the House of Orleans. His decision was basely mainly on politics, as he was striving for an alliance between Russia and France. Alexander's suggestion did not have any effect on Nicholas, as he seemed certain to marry his childhood sweetheart, Alexandra. That day came in 1894, when Alexander was on his deathbed, suffering from a kidney disease that he had contracted in a train wreck six years earlier. On April 8, 1894, at the wedding of Alexandra's brother, her and Nicholas were engaged.3 On November 14, 1894, a month after the death of his father Nicholas married Alexandra and officially became the tsar of Russia.Alexei Nikolaevich, the first son of Nicholas and Alexandra was born on July 30, 1904, following the births of four daughters. The problem of who would rule Russia in case of an accident to Nicholas was solved. However, there was a new problem, as Alexei was diagnosed with hemophilia. Hemophilia is a disease that weakened the walls of the arteries so that "any blow or intense pressure can cause the blood vessels to burst and can mean the end."4 Rumours of a holy man, named Grigory Rasputin, however, living in the backwoods of Siberia gave rise to Alexander's hopes that her son's hemophilia could be cured.

Hr Management

I will look into the current employment legislation that organizations are faced with in regards to recruitment, (HOC) adopts, considering how I can make appropriate recommendations to improve the process as a whole as well as keeping the process compliant with the legislation. Investigate personnel requirements and undertake a Job analysis for an identified post. The importance of recruiting the right caliber of people for an organization is essential for many reasons, decreasing staff turnover, organizational costs, morale in existing workforce and the overall added value to organizational strategy and goals.Whilst I was researching which potential vacancy to use as the basis for completing this assignment, I immediately thought of a vacancy within the HER department that would be described as business critical to the HOC, the position is HER Pensions Administrator. The Requirements of the HER Pensions Administrator The post is the only resource allocated to pensions administration in the HOC, with a responsibility for compliance with legislative requirements, HEMP regulations and for compliance with the requirements of the Pensions Regulator.It is a standalone post, tit day to day responsibility for the administration of the pension agreements for over 1500 members, as well as liaising with the local Government Pension Schemes which we have inherited. They are also responsible for providing first line support to the Secretary of the Trustees, including day to day management of scofflaws, investment arrangements and liaison with the Scheme Actuary and other professional advisors. The peashooter is responsible for processing HOC Scheme joiners and leavers and is first point of contact for scheme members in relation to all ensign enquiries.They are also responsible for ensuring that all Scheme benefits (normal, retirements, Ill health retirements, death in service and other early retirements) are calculated accurately and paid in a timely manner. Taking the fin dings from the Job analysis and the information gathered by the different techniques used, I concluded that the reasons above explain why this specific post is business critical to the organization and that the post holder requires specific technical skills and experience needed to fulfill the entirety of the Job successfully.To investigate exactly what this post entails and to complete my Job analysis, I exercised a few different techniques to obtain the information required; Interview – I set up an informal interview with the post holder to capture a good background of the Jobs expectancies, who the main stakeholders/customers are and how stressful a job it is. This technique was the most helpful when putting together my Job Description and Personal Specification, as I was able to establish the main pinch points, as well as the most important requirements needed for this particular post.Observation – I thought shadowing the post holder would be way of attaining the J ob from a practical aspect. I found this to be an particularly worthwhile technique to gain more information I require for my Job analysis, you really get a feel of the day to day tasks involved, the conversation's you have with customers/stakeholder, the pressures of the Job and how this post fits in with the other departments within the organization.Diaries, Logs and Journals – This post requires an extremely organized proactive person, there are a number of ‘pinch' points that are critical to the post and low chart as an example of the type of tasks involved. (Please refer to Appendix 1). Job Description for HER Pensions Administrator and Personal Specification – Please refer to Appendix 2 For the Personal Specification I chose to use a well-known system known as ‘Rogers Seven Point Plan (1970)' as well as Hack's competencies to outline what the ideal person for the Job would be.Personal specifications have to be prepared and used carefully. In particula r, it is important to ensure that the essential or desired competencies do not lead to unlawful discrimination against potential applicants. Examine Employment legislation with regards to recruitment Evaluate current employment legislation as it affects recruitment and selection of personnel The Equality Act came into play on 1 October 2010, its main aim was to make the framework more efficient, simpler and more consistent at how employers can prevent discrimination.There have been recent changes to the act to make it much more streamlined and to strengthen the law on equality overall. The Equality Act covers the following groups of legislation * age * disability * gender reassignment * race religion or belief * sex * sexual orientation * marriage and civil partnership * pregnancy and maternity The list of groups above are now known as the ‘Protected Characteristics' I will now chose a selection of the groups above and explain how they impact the recruitment and selection in m y organization.Disability â€Å"Disability in employment terms refers to physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse affect on a person's ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. † (CHIP Recruitment & Selection) As the HOC is a public sector odd, we as a HER department or even on a wider scale, the organization as a whole has a duty of care to be as compliant with all forms of law and legislation. If we are found that we are not compliant we would have to answer to the Unions as well as the Government itself.It would also leave us open for grievances and tribunals that can destroy an organizations reputation as an employer. The HOC are members of the ‘Two Ticks' Positive about Disabled People Scheme, this is where a disabled person is guaranteed an interview if they meet the minimum criteria for the Job. Its main aim it to stop the recruiting managers/employers using disability as a disadvantage to potential candidates. In our p rocess we incorporate into the short- listing stage so that the recruiting managers are aware of which applicants have with a note at the bottom to advising or should I say reminding them of best practice.If they do meet the minim criteria and therefore invited to interview, we then ask the candidate if there are any reasonable adjustments we need to make to accommodate them at the interview stage so no one is disadvantaged in any way. For example, we ad a candidate who was dyslexic, met the essential criteria and invited for interview. As it was quite a high profile Job, they we required to attend an assessment day. In order to make it a fair assessment we made reasonable adjustments to give the candidate more time when reading and completing certain tasks.I do think that HOC as an employer adheres to the scheme and certainly takes it very seriously. Although, I would go a step further and suggest that we (HER) keep the copy of the highlighted form and send the recruiting manager a short-listing form without the disabled antedates highlighted (if any). That way there will be no way the recruiting manager can indirectly discriminate or think they have a duty to short-list the disabled candidates even if the criteria has not been met.Age Discrimination The Age Discrimination Act is there to protect people of all ages. When advertising as an employer we have to take age discrimination into account, we make sure we avoid words such as young and dynamic' as this may indicate that we are looking for someone of a certain age. Even the placement of an advert needs to be Justified, if oh place an advert in a publication or website that only a certain age group look at that may be seen as indirect discrimination.Therefore, when writing Job adverts for the HOC we focus on the skills attributes needed to fulfill the Job. We use the same methodology through to the selection process, at no point to we ask the candidate their age or D. O. B or direct any question or referen ce to the subject. This is to ensure that all candidates are treated fairly as possible and to give every candidate equal opportunity for being selected. Pregnancy & Maternity This protects women during pregnancy and throughout her Maternity and to any statutory Maternity leave she is entitled to.An employer is not allowed to discriminate against you if pregnant or on maternity leave, examples of this type of discrimination are; * For asking to take time off to attend ante-natal classes * because you are unable to do your Job during your pregnancy for health and safety reasons * because you asked to take maternity leave or you are on maternity leave. * By not giving you what you are entitled to whilst pregnant or on maternity leave If n employee feels they have been treated unfairly because of being pregnant or on maternity leave they could raise a grievance or submit a claim too tribunal.In the few years of being in the HER profession, this is a subject that crops up more often tha n others and can be quite a delicate matter to deal with in some instances. The HOC has gone through a number of changes in the last 5 years, and we as HER professionals need to respond to any changes with internal and external factors that affect us, but most importantly legislation. In order for us to meet the expectations of he legislation we ensure the following; * Perform a Health & Safety risk assessment as soon as we are advised of the pregnancy * KIT days (Keep in Touch Days – 10 of which you are entitled to when on maternity leave). Advise and notify the and 32 weeks half pay with SMS * Flexi-time * Job protection during a restructure whilst pregnant or on maternity leave * Informs an employee of any training and development opportunities available * Full 33 holiday entitlement as well as any bank holidays added to the maternity leave To add to the situation there has been a new developments with The Children's and implies Bill. The Bill was presented to Parliament o n 4th February this year and has been selected to be will carried forward into 2014.The bill seeks to reform legislation such as; Statutory rights to leave and pay for parent's and adopters, time off work for ante-natal care and the right to request flexible working. There are many factors that the HER team need to consider that can affect the recruitment process and how effective it is, which meaner a good planned recruitment and selection system is very important to the employment of the right people. Hr Management Case Incident 1 MOTIVATION IN THE HONG KONG POLICE FORCE Would you be interested in working as a hong kong police officer ? why or why not? I would be interested in working as a hong kong police officer because the keenness to boost the morale and motivation through appreciation and encouragement. To how many examples in this case can you apply motivation theories? Grant the commissioner of police's certificate of academic merit1 internal and external award schemes that emphasize positive reinforcement instead of punishment. 3 Grant the bravery awards. One may argue that the recipients of the honors and awards are only a fraction of all police officers. Suggest other effective ways to motivate the police officers. Although pay is not the primary factor driving job satisfaction, it is a motivator. Establish a pay structure (Internal ; External Pay Equity). – Establish Variable-pay programs (Merit-Based Pay). Pays for individual performance based on performance appraisal results . If appraisals are designed correctly, workers performing at a high level will get more pay. Case Incident 1 TOYOTA'S TEAM CULTURE Do you think Toyota has succeeded because of its team-oriented culture, or do you think it would have succeeded without it? Indeed. This is because Toyota structures its work around team.They are not used only in the production process but also at every level and in every function: Sales and marketing, finance, engineering, design and executive level. Do you think you would be comfortable working in Toyota’s culture? Why or why not? Yes, Because. Toyota’s culture seems to excel with this strategy of team orienting. Apparently, the CEO has a culture where he is not the mega star behind the scenes, but by his employees working collectively in team efforts are achieving high level of outcomes if all the levels of the organization.In response to the recession and the firm's first-ever quarterly loss, Toyota's managers accepted a 10 percent pay cut in 2009 to avoid employee layoffs. Do you think such a response is a good means of promoting camaraderie? What are the risks in such a plan? Layoffs can lead to stress and guilt for employees who stick around. That means reduced productivity and higher health care costs for the company. And cutting is expected to increase the number of layoffs in the coming year. Hr Management I will look into the current employment legislation that organizations are faced with in regards to recruitment, (HOC) adopts, considering how I can make appropriate recommendations to improve the process as a whole as well as keeping the process compliant with the legislation. Investigate personnel requirements and undertake a Job analysis for an identified post. The importance of recruiting the right caliber of people for an organization is essential for many reasons, decreasing staff turnover, organizational costs, morale in existing workforce and the overall added value to organizational strategy and goals.Whilst I was researching which potential vacancy to use as the basis for completing this assignment, I immediately thought of a vacancy within the HER department that would be described as business critical to the HOC, the position is HER Pensions Administrator. The Requirements of the HER Pensions Administrator The post is the only resource allocated to pensions administration in the HOC, with a responsibility for compliance with legislative requirements, HEMP regulations and for compliance with the requirements of the Pensions Regulator.It is a standalone post, tit day to day responsibility for the administration of the pension agreements for over 1500 members, as well as liaising with the local Government Pension Schemes which we have inherited. They are also responsible for providing first line support to the Secretary of the Trustees, including day to day management of scofflaws, investment arrangements and liaison with the Scheme Actuary and other professional advisors. The peashooter is responsible for processing HOC Scheme joiners and leavers and is first point of contact for scheme members in relation to all ensign enquiries.They are also responsible for ensuring that all Scheme benefits (normal, retirements, Ill health retirements, death in service and other early retirements) are calculated accurately and paid in a timely manner. Taking the fin dings from the Job analysis and the information gathered by the different techniques used, I concluded that the reasons above explain why this specific post is business critical to the organization and that the post holder requires specific technical skills and experience needed to fulfill the entirety of the Job successfully.To investigate exactly what this post entails and to complete my Job analysis, I exercised a few different techniques to obtain the information required; Interview – I set up an informal interview with the post holder to capture a good background of the Jobs expectancies, who the main stakeholders/customers are and how stressful a job it is. This technique was the most helpful when putting together my Job Description and Personal Specification, as I was able to establish the main pinch points, as well as the most important requirements needed for this particular post.Observation – I thought shadowing the post holder would be way of attaining the J ob from a practical aspect. I found this to be an particularly worthwhile technique to gain more information I require for my Job analysis, you really get a feel of the day to day tasks involved, the conversation's you have with customers/stakeholder, the pressures of the Job and how this post fits in with the other departments within the organization.Diaries, Logs and Journals – This post requires an extremely organized proactive person, there are a number of ‘pinch' points that are critical to the post and low chart as an example of the type of tasks involved. (Please refer to Appendix 1). Job Description for HER Pensions Administrator and Personal Specification – Please refer to Appendix 2 For the Personal Specification I chose to use a well-known system known as ‘Rogers Seven Point Plan (1970)' as well as Hack's competencies to outline what the ideal person for the Job would be.Personal specifications have to be prepared and used carefully. In particula r, it is important to ensure that the essential or desired competencies do not lead to unlawful discrimination against potential applicants. Examine Employment legislation with regards to recruitment Evaluate current employment legislation as it affects recruitment and selection of personnel The Equality Act came into play on 1 October 2010, its main aim was to make the framework more efficient, simpler and more consistent at how employers can prevent discrimination.There have been recent changes to the act to make it much more streamlined and to strengthen the law on equality overall. The Equality Act covers the following groups of legislation * age * disability * gender reassignment * race religion or belief * sex * sexual orientation * marriage and civil partnership * pregnancy and maternity The list of groups above are now known as the ‘Protected Characteristics' I will now chose a selection of the groups above and explain how they impact the recruitment and selection in m y organization.Disability â€Å"Disability in employment terms refers to physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse affect on a person's ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. † (CHIP Recruitment & Selection) As the HOC is a public sector odd, we as a HER department or even on a wider scale, the organization as a whole has a duty of care to be as compliant with all forms of law and legislation. If we are found that we are not compliant we would have to answer to the Unions as well as the Government itself.It would also leave us open for grievances and tribunals that can destroy an organizations reputation as an employer. The HOC are members of the ‘Two Ticks' Positive about Disabled People Scheme, this is where a disabled person is guaranteed an interview if they meet the minimum criteria for the Job. Its main aim it to stop the recruiting managers/employers using disability as a disadvantage to potential candidates. In our p rocess we incorporate into the short- listing stage so that the recruiting managers are aware of which applicants have with a note at the bottom to advising or should I say reminding them of best practice.If they do meet the minim criteria and therefore invited to interview, we then ask the candidate if there are any reasonable adjustments we need to make to accommodate them at the interview stage so no one is disadvantaged in any way. For example, we ad a candidate who was dyslexic, met the essential criteria and invited for interview. As it was quite a high profile Job, they we required to attend an assessment day. In order to make it a fair assessment we made reasonable adjustments to give the candidate more time when reading and completing certain tasks.I do think that HOC as an employer adheres to the scheme and certainly takes it very seriously. Although, I would go a step further and suggest that we (HER) keep the copy of the highlighted form and send the recruiting manager a short-listing form without the disabled antedates highlighted (if any). That way there will be no way the recruiting manager can indirectly discriminate or think they have a duty to short-list the disabled candidates even if the criteria has not been met.Age Discrimination The Age Discrimination Act is there to protect people of all ages. When advertising as an employer we have to take age discrimination into account, we make sure we avoid words such as young and dynamic' as this may indicate that we are looking for someone of a certain age. Even the placement of an advert needs to be Justified, if oh place an advert in a publication or website that only a certain age group look at that may be seen as indirect discrimination.Therefore, when writing Job adverts for the HOC we focus on the skills attributes needed to fulfill the Job. We use the same methodology through to the selection process, at no point to we ask the candidate their age or D. O. B or direct any question or referen ce to the subject. This is to ensure that all candidates are treated fairly as possible and to give every candidate equal opportunity for being selected. Pregnancy & Maternity This protects women during pregnancy and throughout her Maternity and to any statutory Maternity leave she is entitled to.An employer is not allowed to discriminate against you if pregnant or on maternity leave, examples of this type of discrimination are; * For asking to take time off to attend ante-natal classes * because you are unable to do your Job during your pregnancy for health and safety reasons * because you asked to take maternity leave or you are on maternity leave. * By not giving you what you are entitled to whilst pregnant or on maternity leave If n employee feels they have been treated unfairly because of being pregnant or on maternity leave they could raise a grievance or submit a claim too tribunal.In the few years of being in the HER profession, this is a subject that crops up more often tha n others and can be quite a delicate matter to deal with in some instances. The HOC has gone through a number of changes in the last 5 years, and we as HER professionals need to respond to any changes with internal and external factors that affect us, but most importantly legislation. In order for us to meet the expectations of he legislation we ensure the following; * Perform a Health & Safety risk assessment as soon as we are advised of the pregnancy * KIT days (Keep in Touch Days – 10 of which you are entitled to when on maternity leave). Advise and notify the and 32 weeks half pay with SMS * Flexi-time * Job protection during a restructure whilst pregnant or on maternity leave * Informs an employee of any training and development opportunities available * Full 33 holiday entitlement as well as any bank holidays added to the maternity leave To add to the situation there has been a new developments with The Children's and implies Bill. The Bill was presented to Parliament o n 4th February this year and has been selected to be will carried forward into 2014.The bill seeks to reform legislation such as; Statutory rights to leave and pay for parent's and adopters, time off work for ante-natal care and the right to request flexible working. There are many factors that the HER team need to consider that can affect the recruitment process and how effective it is, which meaner a good planned recruitment and selection system is very important to the employment of the right people.

Destiny and Henley Essay

â€Å"Invictus† was written by Henley when he was in the hospital with tuberculosis. While in his twenties he contracted a tubercular infection that led to his leg being amputated below the knee. Later he developed the same infection in his other leg and was told it would have to be removed as well. Henley refused to have it amputated and sought the help of a doctor who had developed antiseptic medicine. Twenty months later Henley had finally recovered and was able to leave the hospital. It was during this dark time in his life when he wrote â€Å"Invictus†. When you read the poem you can see how passionate he felt: â€Å"I thank whatever gods may be / For my unconquerable soul†(Henley). Instead of falling into despair, Henley was able to be thankful that, though his body was beaten, his soul wasn’t. Even in the highest of his horrible circumstances, Henley refused to let life defeat him, but instead he rose up and fought back: â€Å"In the fell clutch of circumstance / I have not winced nor cried aloud† (Henley). He did not waste his time despairing over what he had lost, but instead focused on getting better. You can also see how desperately determined he was: â€Å"I am the master of my fate / I am the captain of my soul† (Henley). He refused to give into the idea that someone else was in control of his life. In the poem he cites â€Å"the bludgeonings of chance,† which shows he felt it was simply fate that this happened to him, and yet he went on to defiantly state that he was in control of his own destiny (Henley). By looking closely at â€Å"Invictus†, you can clearly see the struggles that Henley went through in his own life. The powerful tone in â€Å"Invictus† is gloomy and dark although Henley remains optimistic and with the help of the three types of figurative language the dark tone is constantly seen throughout the poem helping readers truly feel the misery the author is going through . Invictus could be taken as a hopeful poem for those suffering, constantly being reminded that you are the â€Å"Captain of your soul† and that it is you choosing to live in pain or be brave when facing a challenge. â€Å"Beyond this place of wrath and tears† refers that the writer has hope for the after life. Finds, and shall find, me unafraid† refers to the fearlessness of the writer â€Å"My head is bloody, but unbowed. † refers to his courage to fight. The use of imagery in â€Å"Invictus† provides readers with deeper sense of the poem and connects them to the author’s true feelings. Henley uses strong relevant adjectives to paint a picture of the horrors of misery he feels in the beginning and towards the end of the poem he allows readers to grasp that it was his bravery that helped him overcome the impossible. The theme of â€Å"Invictus†is one that appeals to most people. It is the idea that you control your fate more than anyone else ever will. In a world that cares nothing for us and often seems to be trying to destroy us, we can overcome all odds and be victorious because we, and we alone, are masters of our own fate. This is proven through the circumstances that the poem was written under. Instead of submitting to the original prognosis of the doctors and having his other leg removed, Henley chose to take charge of his life, find a new doctor, and ultimately change the course of his life (Invictus: A Study Guide). The theme is one of triumph and survival. Despite all odds, despite all expectations, Henley took control of his destiny and came out victorious. The fact that Henley wrote this during a dark time in his life added a wealth of emotion to the poem; he was writing from his heart and it was obvious. The overarching theme of the poem is relevant to everyone because when it comes down to it, we all want to feel like our life actually has meaning and is not just a sum of chance circumstances and happenings. The use of imagery in â€Å"Invictus† provides readers with deeper sense of the poem and connects them to the author’s true feelings. Henley uses strong relevant adjectives to paint a picture of the horrors of misery he feels in the beginning and towards the end of the poem he allows readers to grasp that it was his bravery that helped him overcome the impossible.

Demonstrated Interest - What It Is and Why It Matters

Demonstrated Interest - What It Is and Why It Matters Demonstrated Interest is one of those nebulous criteria in the college admissions process that can cause great confusion among applicants. Whereas SAT scores, ACT scores, GPA, and extracurricular involvement are measurable in concrete ways, interest can mean something very different to different institutions. Also, some students have a hard time drawing the line between demonstrating interest and harassing the admissions staff. Demonstrated Interest As the name suggests, demonstrated interest refers to the degree to which an applicant has made clear that he or she truly is eager to attend a college. Especially with the Common Application and free Cappex Application, its easy for students to apply to multiple schools with very little thought or effort. While this may be convenient for applicants, it presents a problem for colleges. How can a school know if an applicant is truly serious about attending? Thus, the need for demonstrated interest. There are many ways to demonstrate interest. When a student writes a supplemental essay that reveals a passion for a school and detailed knowledge of the schools opportunities, that student is likely to have an advantage over a student who writes a generic essay that could be describing any college. When a student visits a college, the expense and effort that goes into that visit reveal a degree of meaningful interest in the school. College interviews and college fairs are other forums in which an applicant can show interest in a school. Probably the strongest way an applicant can demonstrate interest is by applying through an early decision program. Early decision is binding, so a student who applies via early decision is committing to the school. Its a large reason why the early decision acceptance rates are often more than twice the acceptance rate of the regular applicant pool.   Colleges and Universities That Consider Demonstrated Interest   A study by the National Association for College Admission Counseling found that about half of all colleges and universities place either moderate or high importance on an applicants demonstrated interest in attending the school.   Many colleges will tell you that demonstrated interest is not a factor in the admissions equation. For example, Stanford University, Duke University, and Dartmouth College  explicitly state that they do  not take demonstrated interest into account when evaluating applications. Other schools such as Rhodes College, Baylor University, and Carnegie Mellon University explicitly state that they do consider an applicants interest during the admissions process. However, even when a school says it does not consider demonstrated interest, the admissions folks are usually just referring to specific types of demonstrated interest such as phone calls to the admissions office or visits to campus. Applying early to a selective university and writing supplemental essays that show you know the university well will certainly improve your chances of being admitted. So in this sense, demonstrated interest is important at nearly all selective colleges and universities.   How Colleges Value Demonstrated Interest Colleges have good reason for taking demonstrated interest into account as they make their admissions decisions. For obvious reasons, schools want to enroll students who are eager to attend. Such students are likely to have a positive attitude toward the college, and they are less likely to transfer to a different institution. As alumni, they might be more likely to make donations to the school. Also, colleges have a much easier time predicting their yield if they extend offers of admission to students who have high levels of interest. When the admissions staff can predict the yield fairly accurately, they are able to enroll in a class that is neither too big nor too small. They also have to rely far less on waitlists. These questions of yield, class size, and waitlists translate into significant logistical and financial issues for a college. Thus, it isnt surprising that many colleges and universities take a students demonstrated interest seriously. This also explains why schools like Stanford and Duke dont put much weight on demonstrated interest; the most elite colleges are almost guaranteed a high yield on their offers of admission, so they have less uncertainty in the admissions process.

The eNotes Blog Seven Wonderful Christmas Stories Listen, Love,Remember

Seven Wonderful Christmas Stories Listen, Love,Remember Looking for some great Christmas stories to listen to as you cook or wrap gifts?   Here are some of the best, both modern and traditional, to make your holiday tasks fly by! The Santaland Diaries made humorist David Sedaris famous in 1997.  The story recounts the exploits of a 30-something under-employed author who finds a temporary job at Macys department store, working as an elf  in Santas Village.  I wear green, velvet knickers, a forest green velvet smock and a perky little hat decorated with spangles. This is my work uniform, the story begins. Sedaris is deservedly famous both for his humor and his keen insight into human behavior. A Christmas Memory by Truman Capote. Hear Capote himself  read this touching Christmas story as he remembers his childhood with his eccentric, child-like aunt, who made the young authors troubled childhood not only bearable but special.   The story invites us as ghostly guests to Imagine a morning in late November. A coming of winter morning more than twenty years ago. Consider the kitchen of a spreading old house in a country town. A great black stove is its main feature; but there is also a big round table and a fireplace with two rocking chairs placed in front of it. Just today the fireplace commenced its seasonal roar. Christmas Freud by David Rakoff. In 1996, New Yorks Barneys department store, famous for their elaborate and sometimes eccentric Christmas display windows, hired essayist David Rakoff to play Sigmund Freud to create a live performance art piece. Rakoff sat in the window. Various actors pretended to be his patients before a crowd of curious and often confused onlookers. Rakoff records his thoughts about his role in the farce as well as numerous funny, cynical observations about the crowd. A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. Listen to this classic tale read by Orson Welles in this 1938  version, recorded live  at the historic Mercury Theatre.  There is still time to mend your ways! The Little Match Girl by Hans Christian Andersen. Along with The Brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen is responsible for recording in print a good number of the folktales with which most of us are familiar.  In this sentimental story, written in 1845, a poor child lives out her hopes and dreams in her imagination, even as her life slips away. Twas the Night Before Christmas by  Clement Clarke Moore. Who doesnt know  Clement Clarke Moores famous opening lines? Twas the night before Christmas, / And all through the house, / Not a creature was stirring, / Not even a mouse. Listen to the poem in its entirety as you bake with your kids or wrap up those last minute gifts once theyre in bed! John Henry Faulks Christmas Story. A traditional favorite on NPR, storyteller and musician John Henry Faulks recollections of the holidays in his native Texas have been a staple of holiday listening for fans since 1974.  The  tale begins with Faulk as an adult. He recalls: The day after Christmas a number of years ago, I was driving down a country road in Texas. And it was a bitter cold, cold morning. Walking ahead of me on the gravel road was a little bare-footed boy with non-descript ragged overalls and a makeshift sleeved sweater tied around his little ears. I stopped and picked him up. Looked like he was about 12 years old and his little feet were blue with the cold. He was carrying an orange. That orange, who gave this impoverished child so much joy, makes Faulk, and his listeners, re-evaluate their priorities during the hectic holiday season.

Doctor Visit with Troubling Symptoms (ESL Dialogue)

Doctor Visit with Troubling Symptoms (ESL Dialogue) Some Troubling Symptoms Patient: Good afternoon. Doctor: Good afternoon. Have a seat. So, what have you come in for today?Patient: Thank you. Im feeling ill, Ive got quite a bad cough, but I dont seem to have a fever. Doctor: I see. How long have you had these symptoms?Patient: Oh, Ive had the cough for two weeks, but feeling ill just these past few days. Doctor: Are you having any other problems?Patient: Well, Ive got a headache. Ive also had a little bit of diarrhea. Doctor: Do you produce any phlegm when coughing?Patient: Sometimes, but its usually pretty dry. Doctor: Do you smoke?Patient: Yes, a few cigarettes a day. Certainly no more than a half a pack a day. Doctor: How about allergies? Do you have any allergies?Patient: Not that Im aware of. Doctor: Does your head feel stuffy?Patient: Yes, for the past few days. Doctor: OK. Now lets have a look. Could you please open your mouth and say ah? Key Vocabulary symptomsto feel illcoughfeverto have a coughheadachediarrheaphlegmto coughallergystuffyto feel stuffy More English for Medical Purposes Dialogues Troubling Symptoms - Doctor and PatientJoint Pain - Doctor and PatientA Physical Examination - Doctor and PatientPain that Comes and Goes - Doctor and PatientA Prescription - Doctor and PatientFeeling Queasy - Nurse and PatientHelping a Patient - Nurse and PatientPatient Details - Administration Staff and Patient More Dialogue Practice - Includes level and target structures / language functions for each dialogue.

Feasibility of the Iphone Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Feasibility of the Iphone - Case Study Example This study on the phone and its markets and marketing strategies, aims to understand just that. In order to understand the above, it is important to thoroughly understand the previous launch of iPhone in the US and how the marketing strategies there transformed into sales. It is then pertinent to answer the question on how the launch in UK affected the mobile phone market. Customer behaviour and levels of customer acceptance of the product are also researched and studied here. Finally the important concepts of marketing that have pushed or prevented sales of the iphone have been covered. The proposal concludes with suggestions. Market condition and customer behaviour: The mobile phone market in US is growing and in the third quarter of 2007, sales were seen to reach 38million units, an increase of 13% from the previous quarter. As per the NPD group, the increase of sales was noted at 47% as compared to last year. Among various smartphones, iPhone reportedly sold approximately 525,000 phones (BBC News, 2007) within the first week of sales as per the Los Angles times. Market reviews later revealed that while the phone lived up to its hyped image of providing many attractions in one package, it performed poorly in functioning as a basic phone. Dissatisfaction with other factors like battery life, camera performance and inability to play flash or Java were also reported. Competition: The market statistics as per NPD were for third quarter as under, Companies Selling brands Market share Motorola Motorola RAZR V3, Motorola RAZR V3m, Motorola MOTOKRZR K1m, Motorola V323i/V325i 31% LG LG VX8300, LG Chocolate VX8550/8500, LG VX5300 17% Samsung Samsung SGH-A707 16% Nokia 11% Sanyo Sanyo Katana II 4% Market condition and customer behaviour in UK: The iPhone was launched in Europe during the end of the year in a 3G version, supposedly after its poor performance in US markets as a phone. Statistics1 here reveal that 77% users do not use data services like picture and video messaging. Customer reviews for the iPhone have been both positive and negative. Competition: European markets are dominated by Nokia, Motorola, Samsung and Sony. Apple and its Iphone As per Steve Jobs, iPhone has scope to become the third main business for Apple after its iPod and Mac computer. The organization states that by the end of 2008, Apple hopes to sell ten million phones, and grab one percent share of the mobile phone market (Jobs, 2007). The iPhone combines in it a mobile phone and an iPod. With a wide screen and virtual keyboard, it has a new user interface. The instrument thus allows users to enjoy multimedia applications, Internet and much more content through its interface. The quad band phone uses GSM standards and comes with international capabilities. Literature overview Buzz marketing or word of mouth is ten times more effective than print or TV2 and more important today than anytime in the past (Hughes, 2004). As per Regis McKenna, 'Word of mouth is probably the

Why are big projects often complete late and out of budget Essay

Why are big projects often complete late and out of budget - Essay Example uth Wales Labor Government ran an international competition for a design for a complex including 2 main halls, a restaurant and meeting rooms with 234 architects from 9 countries submitting designs. An extraordinarily ambitious design by Jorn Utzon was initially rejected by an assessment committee, however, respected Finnish architect Eero Saarinon convinced them to change their minds and Utzon was awarded the prize. Before The Opera House, Utzon had won 7 of eight competitions he had entered but not one of his designs was ever built. It was estimated that construction would take 5 years and would cost A$7 million. The â€Å"Opera House Lottery† was born in 1958 as an extra source of funding before construction had begun. The original completion date was set down for 26th January, 1963 (Australia Day) and it didnt reach completion until 1973, 10 years late and the costs had blown out to A$103 million, 14 times over budget. Because of the complexities of his design, Utzon, was aware that technical problems would arise and as advanced technology that was not yet available would be needed to address these problems. He pleaded that he had not yet fully completed the design for the structure and asked for more time to tackle these problems, however his request was denied with the government fearing that funding and public opinion would turn against them and construction began in 1959, two years ahead of Utzons schedule. The lack of preparation had immediate consequences and many structural issues remained unsolved. With unexpected difficulties such as bad weather and the inability to have a suitable avenue for rain water to be diverted along with the fact that appropriate construction drawings had not been drafted, work was already running 47 weeks behind schedule. The roof of the Opera House was to be formed with a series of precast concrete shells and covered with Swedish made white glazed tiles. It was discovered, after the monumental Grand Podium, with its

Madeleine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Madeleine - Essay Example The talks with the prostitutes in her neighborhood started altering Madeline morals. However, she moved to St. Louis to live with a friend while she was seventeen. She began to work in a factory but realized she was pregnant after working for a few months. She thus ran away from the friend’s house and moved into a brothel within Kansas since she could not support herself financially. To hide her identity, she invented the name Madeleine Blair. She later lost her baby and almost managed to avoid being engaged in sex trade when she migrated to Chicago. In Chicago, she started her life working in a department store. However, the salary is meager and she could not support herself. She ended up getting back to prostitution. Therefore, the major reason why Madeleine got into prostitution was the unplanned pregnancy. When she realized she was pregnant, she was ashamed of herself and left her friend’s house. Since she had no means to support herself she ended up getting into pr ostitution. Another reason that led Madeleine get into prostitution was her early exposure to talks regarding prostitution. She had lived in environments where prostitution was considered a lesser vice. Therefore, she easily got into the sex industry when she was compelled by her financial needs. Although she was aware of the existence of sex industry, she had tried to avoid being a prostitute by searching for a noble job since she wanted to retain her respect. However, the dire need for money and her condition of being pregnant drove her into the industry. Alter some time, her desire for money increased making it hard for her to leave the sex industry. She started migrating from brothel to brothel and ended up establishing her own brothel in Canada. 2) What does her story tell us about life during the late Gilded Age? How was she affected by industrialization, urbanization, rural decline, and the social problems associated with these transformations? In the Autobiography, Madeleine approves that the sex industry was of great economic benefit to the western countries. Madeleine considers prostitution as the only way that women could contribute to economic growth. Even the authorities and most people in Canada viewed sex industry as important in enhancing economic growth. Men considered brothels as crucial and would even go to nearby town in search of sex if there were no brothels in their locality. As industrialization progressed, men started earning better salaries. Most of them spent part of their salaries to pay for sex. This demonstrates that industrialization contributed to increase in prostitution. Madeleine describes her brothel as one that constituted an important social and economic component. It fulfilled the needs of the working class (Anonymous 180-184). To the girls who worked in the brothel, it was their source of income hence a form of employment. Moreover, the local municipal authorities greatly benefited from the bribes that Madeleine gave the m. The common people viewed prostitution as an important component of the local economy that was beneficial to all. Women could get employment, the authorities made profits, and men had some place to spend their leisure time. Therefore, people viewed brothels as institutions as important sector of the economy that enhanced exchange of money. With industrialization, there was increased number of women in urban centers. To them, prostitution was a noble way of earning

Structure and Culture in Human Resource Management Essay

Structure and Culture in Human Resource Management - Essay Example 251 - 278). Culture is a set of basic shared assumptions that the group learns and taught to new members as the responses to problems (Schein, 2006). Cultures differ with structures. To achieve the maximum HR performance, ogranisation structure should be chosen based on the environment in which the organisation operates (Bartol and Martin, 1998, p. 251 - 278), its strategy (Bartol and Martin, 1998, p. 251 - 278), the size of the organisation (Bartol and Martin, 1998, p. 251 - 278), technology (Woodward, 1965, p. 76 - 77), and the type of exceptions that occur during production (Perrow, 1967, p. 194 - 208). If the environment in which the organisation operates is uncertain, it should adopt an organic structure for quicker response. Also, structure must match strategy to achieve HR performance. For example, a functional structure should be adopted if the organisation sells a large volume of a single product in the same region; a product structure should be adopted if the organisation sells several dissimilar products; and a customer structure should be adopted if the organisation deals with different sets of customers each of whom is very large and important. More over, as the size of an organisation increases, there are more departments, more levels of hierarchy, and more staff positions. After a point, formalisation and decentralisation come in. Furthermore, organisation structure should match production technology. The three types

Holistic Care of Older Adults Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Holistic Care of Older Adults - Research Paper Example cant events Relationships Work and home Summary statements Organization/quality (Total 10 points) Older adult identified with initials only (2 points) Key information present (7 points) Well-organized/brief (maximum 1 page) (1 point) Sketchy, missing some information (5 points) Older adult’s name used (0 points) Missing critical information (2 points) Lacks continuity or is too wordy/long (0 points) Analysis of Life Review Goal and benefits of Life Review Similarity to remembering Difference from remembering Erikson Developmental Stage Description of client Ego integrity rating (1-10) Rationale for rating Citations regarding Erikson’s theory (Total 45 points) 4+ benefits (10 points) Comparison with 2+ examples (10 points) Contrast with 2+ examples (6 points) Theory with 2 specific examples (10 points) Rating present and plausible (3 points) Rationale clear from example (3 points) 1+ reference in text (3 points) 2-3 benefits (7 points) Comparison with 1 example (5 points ) Contrast with 1 example (3 points) Theory with 1 specific example (8 points) 0-1 benefits (0-2 points) Comparison without examples (3 points) No comparison (0 points) Contrast without examples or no contrast (0 points) Loose connection between theory and client (3 points); Missing description of theory or no connection (0 points) Rating missing or implausible (0 points) Rationale unclear or example missing (0 points) No references in text (0 points) Reflections Value and reason Most significant point of interview Difficult/anguishing part Impact on clinical practice Personal legacy (Total 14 points) Statement(s) with 1+ reason(s) (3 points) Example(s) with 1+ reason(s) (3 points) Example(s) with 1+ reason(s) or statement of none (3 points) Example(s) with 1+ reason(s) (3 points) Definition,... D.A. is an 88 year old white male living with his wife and two grandsons in Forest Hill, Texas. He was born in Anniston, Alabama the third born of four children. After the demise of his father, D.A’s mother moved them to Abilene, Texas. His childhood was tough following his father’s demise and his mother lack of a better job. His education, however, was secured due to his best grades, which landed him several scholarships. He became a high school teacher in Abilene, where he also met his wife and was blessed with three children. He had not experienced significant illness in his life apart from one time when he was diagnosed with Tuberculosis at age 63, but he was able to get the right treatment. Aside from his childhood family struggles D.A. is content that, he has lived a good and successful life. Analysis of the Life Review Interview Through science, we are able to learn that the human body undergoes various changes as we age. This knowledge is necessary to the nursing profession as it offers more information on how nursing care should be assessed, planned, and delivered (Nursing Center, 2013). In the current health care setting, nurses are caring for more adults, aged 65 and above, more than any other age group. This situation, therefore, requires that more nurses be equipped with extra knowledge and skills; to be able to care for this population. This however poses a huge problem as less than one percent of nurses are taught these skills in school (Nursing Center, 2013).

Evil in St.Augustine's Confessions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evil in St.Augustine's Confessions - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  the presence of good and evil in the world is obvious, but what are the relations between them? Many experts emphasize the conflict between good and evil. The main statement of St. Augustine is that evil is simply the absence of good. This presumption has a long history. It is a well known fact that St. Augustine was initially a Manichean and became Christian only after he realized the drawbacks of Persian Dualism religion-   Manichaeism. The main idea of this religion lies in the belief in two gods, who represent good and evil. In this religion we can see the struggle between the light and darkness. St. Augustine scrutinized Christianity and rejected Manichaeism. He claimed that in this world there could be only one god, a good one. God and the world that he created are the main aspects of the philosophy of Augustine and the relations between them deserve special attention.  This study stresses that  Augustine argued that the world is the cr eation of God, God does not depend on the world and the world is fully dependent on God. Creating human soul, God initially incorporated in it the striving for happiness as the main goal in a man’s life. That is why a man must use all the abilities of his soul to achieve the happiness. Happiness itself consists in the maximum cognition of God and in this case the human reason becomes the main basis for belief. That is why belief is the foundation and the initial point for cognition.... That is why belief is the foundation and the initial point for cognition. Cognition without the belief is sinful. The supreme form of cognition is divine inspiration given by God to humans, who have strong belief. This God’s wisdom can’t be understood by human reason. God gives inspiration to humans only by his own will. Striving for happiness, a man cognizes good and evil. God represents the good, but the question is what evil comes from as God can’t be the creator of evil. This problem was solved by Augustine: all the evil comes from the material nature. All the evil is a product of material body of humans. The first knowledge of Adam and Eve was the product of their cognition, of their material nature and this was a reason of their Fall. Humans were punished for making a fetish of their materiality, their body and after The Fall of the first people their offspring were doomed to death. â€Å"For other than this, that which really is I knew not; and was, as it were through sharpness of wit, persuaded to assent to foolish deceivers, when they asked me, â€Å"whence is evil?† â€Å"is God bounded by a bodily shape, and has hairs and nails?† â€Å"are they to be esteemed righteous who had many wives at once, and did kill men, and sacrifice living creatures?† (Book II) However, the substance itself and human’s body were created by God and consequently, they could not be the source of evil. Augustine comes to the conclusion that evil does not exist at all. Evil is weakened and corrupted good. Here the philosophy of St. Augustine is based on Platon’s theory about the ideas, which are present in material bodies, but can be corrupted by the

Holistic Care of Older Adults Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Holistic Care of Older Adults - Research Paper Example cant events Relationships Work and home Summary statements Organization/quality (Total 10 points) Older adult identified with initials only (2 points) Key information present (7 points) Well-organized/brief (maximum 1 page) (1 point) Sketchy, missing some information (5 points) Older adult’s name used (0 points) Missing critical information (2 points) Lacks continuity or is too wordy/long (0 points) Analysis of Life Review Goal and benefits of Life Review Similarity to remembering Difference from remembering Erikson Developmental Stage Description of client Ego integrity rating (1-10) Rationale for rating Citations regarding Erikson’s theory (Total 45 points) 4+ benefits (10 points) Comparison with 2+ examples (10 points) Contrast with 2+ examples (6 points) Theory with 2 specific examples (10 points) Rating present and plausible (3 points) Rationale clear from example (3 points) 1+ reference in text (3 points) 2-3 benefits (7 points) Comparison with 1 example (5 points ) Contrast with 1 example (3 points) Theory with 1 specific example (8 points) 0-1 benefits (0-2 points) Comparison without examples (3 points) No comparison (0 points) Contrast without examples or no contrast (0 points) Loose connection between theory and client (3 points); Missing description of theory or no connection (0 points) Rating missing or implausible (0 points) Rationale unclear or example missing (0 points) No references in text (0 points) Reflections Value and reason Most significant point of interview Difficult/anguishing part Impact on clinical practice Personal legacy (Total 14 points) Statement(s) with 1+ reason(s) (3 points) Example(s) with 1+ reason(s) (3 points) Example(s) with 1+ reason(s) or statement of none (3 points) Example(s) with 1+ reason(s) (3 points) Definition,... D.A. is an 88 year old white male living with his wife and two grandsons in Forest Hill, Texas. He was born in Anniston, Alabama the third born of four children. After the demise of his father, D.A’s mother moved them to Abilene, Texas. His childhood was tough following his father’s demise and his mother lack of a better job. His education, however, was secured due to his best grades, which landed him several scholarships. He became a high school teacher in Abilene, where he also met his wife and was blessed with three children. He had not experienced significant illness in his life apart from one time when he was diagnosed with Tuberculosis at age 63, but he was able to get the right treatment. Aside from his childhood family struggles D.A. is content that, he has lived a good and successful life. Analysis of the Life Review Interview Through science, we are able to learn that the human body undergoes various changes as we age. This knowledge is necessary to the nursing profession as it offers more information on how nursing care should be assessed, planned, and delivered (Nursing Center, 2013). In the current health care setting, nurses are caring for more adults, aged 65 and above, more than any other age group. This situation, therefore, requires that more nurses be equipped with extra knowledge and skills; to be able to care for this population. This however poses a huge problem as less than one percent of nurses are taught these skills in school (Nursing Center, 2013).

The European Human Rights Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The European Human Rights Act - Essay Example "In contrast to the importance attached to the democratic accountability of Parliament, institutional checks and balances, and the rule of law as means of safeguarding individual liberties, comparatively little significance was attributed to the European Convention on Human Rights before passage of the Human Rights Act." (Akehurst, Michael & Malanczuk, Peter 1997 p.65) This may be seen as a surprise considering the fact that the UK was an early signatory to the European Convention, and the UK was instrumental to the drafting of the human rights convention. The effects of the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights on the English Legal System however, seem to be limited by the constitutional doctrine of dualism, which distinguishes international law from national law. "Considerations of national and parliamentary sovereignty require that treaties alone are unable to alter the internal laws of the UK, because the executive alone enters into treaties on behalf of the United Kingdom. Otherwise, the government could evade parliamentary scrutiny of its proposals through the exercise of its treaty-making powers." (Human Rights Act Research Project 2001) Therefore, as treaties are not self-executing the terms of these treaties must be incorporated into an act of Parliament in orde... courts. "While the European Convention, as an agreement between national governments, imposed obligations on the United Kingdom in international law, it did not impose obligations on Parliament or the government under British domestic law." (Council of Europe 2000) Another challenge is posed by the desire to upgrade the legal status of the individual rights as described in the substantive provisions of the European Convention, while at the same time ensuring the preservation of traditional or orthodox notions of parliamentary sovereignty. "The courts are not given the power to invalidate acts of Parliament that are incompatible with the rights listed in the European Convention, but may only issue a declaration of incompatibility, which does not itself affect the validity or enforceability of an incompatible act." (Akehurst, Michael & Malanczuk, Peter 1997) Thus, the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights has had a significant impact on the English Legal System, and to the concept of parliamentary sovereignty. 2. a) Do you believe that section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 creates a new rule of statutory interpretation for judges Yes, section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 does create a new rule of statutory interpretation for judges. "The Human Rights Act 1998 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which received Royal Assent on 9 November 1998, and mostly came into force on 2 October 2000. The Act makes available in UK courts a remedy for breach of a Convention right, without the need to go to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. It also totally abolished the death penalty in UK law, although this was not required by the Convention in force for the UK at that time" (British Medical

Is Globalization A Cause For Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Is Globalization A Cause For Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay Our world is shrinking gradually from last couple of centuries due to globalization which is defined, as per my understanding, as a type of relationship or rapport build amongst the different countries due to exchange of goods and other technologies. Both developing and the developed countries have been satisfying their needs in terms of globalization. But this increasing pattern of globalization has also put forth consequent effects on our ecosystem. Countries become more industrialized and increased the production of their goods in order to overcome to demand. These industries in turn emitted various green house gases, which acted as a major contributor in the climate change. It is been assumed that this change in climate is due to human activities, hence alerted everyone and made it a global issue. The even composition of the atmosphere is altering due to the emission of tones of GHG (green house gases) through various activities like production, transportation, agriculture and consumer practices. Our atmosphere is gradually warming due to the accumulation of these gases. The impact of this climatic change can cause increase in drought conditions, floods are taking place frequently, also rising sea-levels and extreme temperatures are experienced. Globalization and environment are intriguely interconnected. Apart from the consequent effect of globalization onto the climate, it also has some positive impact. In order to develop the awareness of this global treat, industrialized countries should limit their GHG emission level. Governments, industries and individuals in industries nations have collectively begun continual steps of actions to reduce the emission of green house gases. But still it has to be quantified that this dramatic change in climate and increase in the rate of global warming is due to globalization that is transportation of goods around the world and the trade agreement such as Multilateral Agreement on Investment has restricted the capacity of countries to widen the environmental regulations. STANDPOINT PROPOSITION: In my opinion, all the countries are linking with each other for the further exploitation of the resources and that is what I think makes this globalization to acquire its standing at the very first place. Resources are limited and are restricted to country specific, for an instance Asian countries are rich in human resources where as countries like South Africa, Australia, New Zealand are rich in mineral resources. So as a whole, countries do complement each other globally. As mentioned above that there is limited resources so it would be wise to use these resources intelligently within the balance of the nature and environment, as over exploitation of resources may cause to extinction of the resources for further use, which can be seen with the oil resources. Therefore proper balance of globalization and environment is required. Due to lack of knowledge of environmental issues and its impact on climate due to various reasons like increase in greenhouse gas emissions, clearing of the forest lands, loss of agricultural lands etc are affecting the climate globally in one way or other. Eventually globalization and its effects on climate have gained priority and consideration is given to spread the awareness and the knowledge considering the environmental issues also. Government and non-government institutions and bodies are participating actively to regulate the factors affecting it. In my opinion concern about the climate is for real and steps has to be taken to apply these regulations to keep a check for a healthy living within the reasonable limits and causing minimum damage to the environment. ANNOTATION 1 Journal of World-System Research: Globalization and the Environment This paper mentions about the impact of globalization to the environment, also it explains the factors affecting the climate change. It can be understood that major constituent of the greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide and it is believed that carbon dioxide is altering the global climate. Therefore this article explains the applied world-system theory to environmental damage. Hence it is an interesting fact that carbon dioxide intensity released in the environment is the measurement of the economic output. As stated above there is a strong correlation between the total economic outputs of any nation to their carbon dioxide emission. As it has been understood that the developed countries pollute more as compared to developing countries and under developed countries whose contribution to polluting the environment and adding the amount of carbon dioxide to the environment is insignificant. This also concludes that the economic growth and energy consumptions are also directly related. The more energy you consumed the more resources it requires to generate the energy to meet the ever increasing needs and hence adding more pollution to the environment in the form of various dangerous, poisonous gases, and other pollutants getting released directly into the environment. So developed countries and developing countries are contributing majorly to this shift in climate. These deviations from general trend shows that the generation of these greenhouse gases is not solely from technologies but the human intentions also plays an important part. Moreover companies are much more interested in producing wealth at the cost of the environment. Harming the environment means causing climate change and also compromising with the safer and better habitat that environment is providing us. The globalization acts as a fuel to speed up this process of exploiting the environment. Though government is becoming concerned and enforcing laws to take control of this over exploitation of the resources and release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, as now the direct impacts of this negligence can be seen even though these impacts took decades to appear but now it is appearing at the rapid rate and causing everyone to draw their attention. It took 30,000 40,000 years to raise the temperature of the atmosphere to few degrees but now because of the globalization and industrialization temperature has risen to couple of degrees in last few decades. Exploitation of the natural resources has led to the depletion in the natural resources. Climate has changed now natural disaster occurs more often which used to occur rarely including cyclones, hurricanes, and earthquakes. The paper also concludes that globalization is an inevitable function therefore it has to be accepted that is will have both the faces that both good and bad. So now it is not only governments responsibility to keep a check on the issues that are going on along with the globalization which in turn affecting the environment but also it is the responsibility of each and every individual to check upon their own actions which further adds to the polluting the atmosphere and the environment and hence choosing the path of worsening the climate conditions as well as causing harm to their own life in a long run. Though it is also necessary for the government to keep an eye on the companies and corporations who are trying to either break the law or trying to bend it for their own benefits without giving any considerations to the fact that how adverse effects it might bring to the environment and on the society. ANNOTATION 2 http://www.sciencedirect.com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VFV-41FTT36-6-1_cdi=6020_user=972264_pii=S0959378000000212_orig=search_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2000_sk=999899996view=cwchp=dGLzVtb-zSkWAmd5=e2a1f97bd172143d82d68596e1d93194ie=/sdarticle.pdf Double exposure: assessing the impacts of climate change within the context of economic globalization. The paper discuss about the two global processes, climate change and globalization. It explains that the major cause of climate change is because of the greenhouse gas emissions and the rapid change in climate is the result of the on-going process of economic globalization. According to it TNCs are major contributors of greenhouse gas emissions globally. It segregated the results into winners and losers and stated that winners will be those countries, regions or social groups, which will be benefited by the change in climate and or globalization and losers will be those who will be adversely affected by it. However a win refers to the improvement in the economics performance, measured by gross domestic product (GDP) and foreign direct investment (FDI). While discussing about the wins and loss, a message could be clearly understood this indicates that the process of GHG will continue and will keep on worsening the condition until some serious measures are adopted to control such activities which are unleashed. The change in climate reveals the fact that sooner or later everyone is going to be affected. There will be areas which will be face the cooler temperature under the global warming but there will be other areas which receive the extreme rise in temperature. It explains that climate change, environment and greenhouse gases are interconnected. The topic discussed in this article was quite interesting and supportive to make me realize that how globalization is co-related to global inequality and how the climate change makes the situation worse. The paper explains that how people from developed countries contribute more towards the greenhouse emission as compared to underdeveloped countries. It explains that the major pollutant in the greenhouse gases is the carbon-di-oxide, which gets trapped in the environment and in turn absorbs the heat from the sunlight and prevents it from escaping the environment, though previously it used to occur naturally and comparatively it was low. But now it happens because of the industrialization and also because of other globalization factors and is comparatively way too high as anticipated. As the climate change is taken into account both the biophysical and social vulnerabilities are considered. Though this globalization is not equally distributed but affect it is casting will have impact on everyone. Globalization has its positive effects but along comes it negativities. Both globalization and climate changes can be co-related as both of it are happening simultaneously. Since natural ecosystem is considered susceptible to climate change may also be affected by the globalization. Since it is not possible to stop or pause the ongoing development and since global economy and climate change are inter related therefore there is an urgent need for implication of development strategies along with the policies to make the development sustainable also by abiding the regulations, which might bring the win-win situation for everyone. ANNOTATION 3 http://www.informaworld.com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/smpp/section?content=a779550199fulltext=713240928 Fueling Injustice: Globalization, Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Climate change This annotation provides the fact that the globalization is causing unequal contribution of GHGs emission from various part of the planets but all of them are suffering from equal dramatic change of climate even though they have very less or no contribution at all. It is also been observed from the previous annotations that the main cause of the environmental pollution and that of the climate change is from the emissions of the greenhouse gases which is mainly constituted from the developed and developing countries. But the question arises that who is really most responsible for the occurrence of this problem and who is really going to address these problems and whether people responsible for the occurrence for this climate change issue are really suffering or is it the people who have no contribution to it are dealing with problems caused by the others. The paper also reveals a new and relatively under-utilized theory of ecologically unequal exchange and therefore applies it to the case of globalization and climate change. It explains the four unique principles that have been projected to consign accountability for carbon emissions. It also suggests combining hybrid proposals with environmental aid packages that help poorer nations shift from carbon-intensive pathways of development to more climate-friendly development paths. In the context of deadlock over a completely inadequate Kyoto Protocol, it also argue that fairness principles, climate science, and an understanding of globalization and development must be integrated. It also explains that climate change crisis caused by the globalization fundamentally depends upon the mutual acceptability and understanding that what deed is right and what is wrong, what actions are causing damage to the environment, which is completely irreversible and which way they are closing the doors for the next generation to use the similar resources. But it seems incorrect to stop countries from developing when they think that they are entitled to go for the cheap economic growth using the fossil fuel and other natural resources when the other developed and wealthy nations have done the same. Stopping them from opting such path would result in the argument of injustice when the other developed countries have done the same at their own early stage of development. Therefore the paper explains that how complicated the matter of globalization and its effect on climate has become. Someone has to take the initiative but the question arises who? No nation would like to compromise their development and no other nation has the right to stop any other nation from progressing. Therefore it then falls into the hands of the government to make some policies ruling the causes for excessive emissions of GHGs and other factors affecting the environment. As it does not seems reasonable to put the natural resources and nature at stake for the sake of development. So it becomes important to make corporations understand about their social responsibilities and as how they could minimize the factors affecting the environment. The paper suggests the implication of the hybrid proposals which sounds to be most promising and in favour of everyone. It also suggest that constructive partnership between the developing countries over the various issues can create a better understanding and sense of responsibility for their actions for development. Moreover it will make the situation better for both the nations as well as for the natural environment. ANNOTATION 4 http://www.sciencedirect.com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VRT-4WVV545-N-1_cdi=6243_user=972264_pii=S0960982209011816_orig=search_coverDate=07%2F28%2F2009_sk=999809985view=cwchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzVmd5=f330bd27eea9362c18d718a3ae01bec7ie=/sdarticle.pdf Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems As discussed in the above annotation the effect of globalization on the environment is having adverse effect on the atmosphere and hence causing climate change. The earths climate has begins to shift into a hotter and less predictable period. This is also causing the rising level of water in the oceans but it is more important to notice the fact that globalization is not only polluting the atmospheric air but also the other resources. Human activities are pouring tones of carbon to the atmosphere. It is the direct consequences of the cumulative post-industrial emissions. This paper also reveals the fact that due to globalization we have now pollutants getting released to the ocean water which in turn resulting in the acidifying ocean. It is know that atmospheric cycle causes the rainfall which is the result of evaporated ocean water but with the acidified water now acid rain is taking place moreover depleting nutrient loads and altered ocean circulation. Scarcity of fresh water is increasing and which can be readily be seen globally. These constituents are adversely affecting the entire ecosystem. Although these effects cant be seen directly but results have started appearing. Lands are turning into barren lands, ground water levels are dropping, increased pollution level decreasing the productivity, extensive use of fertilizers and chemicals to increase the production level raising the alarm for food securities. The figure 1 explains the rise in temperature of the marine surface and it can be clearly noticed from the figure that last couple of decad es there is a abrupt change in the surface temperature due to the intense globalization activities. Figure1. Annual and smoothed combined global land and marine surface temperature anomaly (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming/) Figure2. Ocean surface pH calculated from CO2[atm]. The figure 2 above shows that how the acidic level of the ocean water is rising from 1960 to year 2000 there is a steep decline in the pH level. The paper explains that there is a direct relationship between carbon dioxide and ocean pH, as the carbon dioxide level increases, pH drops increasing the acidic nature of water. It also explains that over past 200 years, the ocean have absorbed almost half of the anthropogenically-generated CO2, but the current rate is nearly 1 million tones of CO2 per hours which is makes it 100 times as rapid as at any time over the past hundreds of millennium. Considering the present situation it could be understood that how globalization is not only affecting the atmosphere but also responsible for the pollution of the ocean and other water resources and thus affecting the marine organism and ecosystem. This is again directly related to the environmental hazards and affects the climate in one way or other. Hence explains that immediate reduction in the CO2 emission is essential for minimizing the future human provoked climate change. And this would further require the policy makers to draw their attention towards the factors mentioned and to come up with a response plan for the safety of the environment. ANNOTATION 5 http://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/wcc-programmes/justice-diakonia-and-responsibility-for-creation/climate-change-water/globalization-and-climate-change.html Globalization and Climate Change The paper provides many environmental impacts of economic globalization: TNCs moving their operations to the other developing countries so as to cut the cost as well as to avoid the implications of the stricter environmental regulations of their own country where they were having their operations. The issue of climate change with the globalization is one that is predominantly interesting because it comprises various ecological, social, economic, political and ethical aspects. Now considering the fact that climate change is an issue recognized globally. The atmospheric composition surrounding the planet is varying, which is the result of the emissions of tones of polluting gases (greenhouse gases) GHGs which is again the output from the industries, agriculture, transportations and also the consumer practices. With the increase in the volume and the intensity of the gases, the climate is changing resulting in the gradual increase in the temperature and hence warming up of the planet. The planet as a whole will be affected by the climatic changes and consequences, which are predicted example severe droughts and frequent floods, rising sea-levels, extreme and harsh temperatures, depletion of the ozone layers, radiation effects etc. Issues have been raised after the awareness of the consequences not only locally but also globally as every individual is responsible for their part of contribution in polluting the environment. The countries around the world are willing to cooperate in the negotiation of treaties, so that this global problem could be addressed. Intensive discussions over an 18-month period before the 1992 Rio Earth Summit led to the adoption of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Negotiations continued subsequently for the further development of agreement so that there could be more specific reduction in the GHG emission could be targeted for industrialised developed and developing countries. Since it has been understood that change in climate change is a global problem and people are also responsible for it. Also the industrialized nations, represents less than 20% of the worlds population, but they do account for nearly 90% of annual greenhouse gas emissions over the last century, and mostly through the burning of fossil fuels. So when the UN Climate Change Convention at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 was signed, the industrialized countries dedicated themselves not only reduce their emission levels but also to reach the efficiency levels though which they could generate more output with the same about of resources and emitting considerably less amount of GHGs. Due to globalization and increase in demand in import and export the emission levels from industrialized countries are rising rapidly as they pursue economic development to meet the fundamental needs of their community. This globalization points to one of the vital ethical scope of the climate change issue in the perspective of the global community. It is of great importance that now we must make a division among the emission for luxury that is for the fulfillment of the leisure activities and emission for the survival that is for the fulfillment of the basic day to day necessities. As there is a great difference between the lifestyles of the people in industrialized countries from the people living in the third world countries. Thus people living in the industrialized countries are responsible for disturbing the atmospheric balance and intimidating the world with main climatic disturbances. Therefore I believe that most of the solutions to these globalization problems lie at the lev el of local, regional, national and international decision-making. In developed and developing industrialized countries, there is a wide scope for the improvements as steps could be taken to increase awareness for the conservation and energy efficiency hence significantly reducing the amount of GHGs which is resulted from the use of the fossil fuels. Advanced technologies do exists and because of the globalization these technologies could be exported to the other developing countries, which do not posses such technologies for the efficient use of electricity with increased efficiency, automobiles and for other technological developments. Also renewable energy sources are gaining popularity which does not affect the damage the environment and hence does not contribute to climate change; instead it is one of the outcomes of the globalization which is making it more economically viable. The paper also concludes that this kind of efficiency revolution is not only necessary but also needed as the part of the sustainability and the long-term solution but it will not be sufficient. Within industrialized societies, it is also needed to realize that what would be adequate for a healthy and quality of life. I have realized that there is a growing awareness and that an ever ever-increasing level of material utilization is not adding to an enhanced value of life anymore. Governments, corporations, industries, societies, families and individuals in industrialized countries would have to make mindful choices to move in the right directions to achieve greater efficiency and quality and also acceptance of limits of sufficiency which would surely result in considerable reductions in energy use and hence lower greenhouse gas emission levels ultimately result in preserving the environment and preventing dramatic changes in the climate. ESSAY Climate and the variation in climate have direct effect of the environment which in turn influences the human life and their life style accordingly. The way we live is directly related to the environment we are living in and which is again directly related to the climate which is affecting it. Change in climate greatly change the way we live. For an instance the people living in dense rainfall area live their lives differently from the people living in area where rainfall is very scarce. Hence the way globalization affects the climate is very critical for the people who gets affected in return from the change in living conditions. Hence the picture is very clear that anything that is affecting the climate has a global effect as the climate and environment is not enjoyed by any single individual rather it is shared by everyone whether it is locally, nationally or internationally. It is been tried to elucidate the various proportions of the globalization. Globalization in simple words can be explained as the process through which economies, cultures, societies, environment, technologies, trade and politics become integrated through a global network via transportation, communication and trade. But at all time times environment plays an important part in globalizing the world into one and climate change in one of its key factors. Change in climate can have adverse effect not only in our food chain but also in our way of living life. Hence it is of critical importance to have the knowledge of factors affecting the climate and it is also important to understand that ignoring such factors will have adverse effect sooner or later. Now globalization process has become unavoidable, therefore it has to be continued for the progress and well being of the people, societies, cultures, nations and companies. But just like every other things even globalization has both its positive and negative aspects. Therefore the primary endeavor is to bring out the positivity of the globalizations and to always keep a check on its negative aspect by enforcing rules, regulations and policies wherever possible. Though with the increase in the competition it has become very difficult to regulate effects affecting the environment and climate. But everyone has to understand their social responsibilities. Everyone has to understand that exploiting the environment is not going to improve their life rather because of their actions everyone has to suffer. Hence it is very important to set an example for others by not only improving the life for everyone and taking the due responsibilities of environment and the factors affecting the chang e in climate. Globalization is also one of the major factors in the increase of the GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions. GHG emissions have risen dramatically with the industrial revolution also with the increase in the competition. It has also been noticed that developing contributes majorly to GHG emissions and also in polluting water and land. All these development is basically dependant on the natural resources available and by exploiting these resources will result in the depletion in the natural resource stocks which will in turn bring down the living standard and will increase the cost of living. Therefore care has to be taken to use these resources carefully and also taking care that no damage or least possible damage is been done to the environment which balances that nature and climate. The major concern which is affecting the environment and causing the change in climate is the increase in the considerable amount in the pollution from various different sources. Globalization has caused increased competition therefore industries are producing more and more number of products and releasing huge amount of poisonous gases. Then the transportation is next in the queue which adding more and more amount of CO2 in the environment. CO2 is one of the major components of the greenhouse gases which helps in trapping the heat from sunlight and prevents it from escaping the earths atmosphere thus raising the temperature. But before globalization emission of CO2 remained the major concern for environmentalists either as a global warming or as a global cooling. Therefore it requires new technologies which would help in minimizing the carbon emission by increasing the output of the process and making it less pollutant. The environmental damage causing climate change is the result of the constant exploitation resources, which caused irreversible changes to the environment and also due to constantly neglecting the consequences that will be brought by the environment. Climate change does not only means rising temperature but also resulting in other affects such as melting ice, change in a particular ocean current and or weather system, oxygen depletion and also accounts for the acid rain, which directly or indirectly enlightens its effect globally. Climate change is not only affects lives by causing flood, drought and severe fluctuations in the temperatures but also it has some adverse effects which affects the food supply and also cause health related issues. As climate change greatly affect the agriculture and food production associated with it across the world. Decrease in rainfall and increase in weeds, pests and pathogens results in low yielding crops is enough to create global crises in the food production. Also exposure to climate change through changing weather conditions causes changes in ecosystems, agriculture and industries, thus affecting the health of the human beings. Change in climate causes new infectious diseases, increased in the heatwave related deaths, and causing many other problems. To conclude, globalization is a mix of both good and bad effects. Even though there are negative effects attached to the globalization but at the same time its positive side and benefits from it cannot be ignored. And it should also be considered that through globalization the awareness for environmental issues, climate change and exploitation of natural resources were brought in consideration. Globalization has helped human being to receive quality education and progress. It also helped the nations to come together over the serious issues and help each other by forwarding global policies and protocols that will in turn preserve the environment and will help to revive it, which has been continuously exploited by us for decades. Globalization also helps in the invention of new technologies which will help to use our limited resources in a very efficient way. It is not possible to stop the development we are going through but it would be wise to preserve the environment and the resources and also to maximize the positivity of the globalization and regulating the negativity so that it has the lease possible impact.