The Impact of Price Changes on the Brand Equity of Toyota in Saudi Essay

The Impact of Price Changes on the Brand Equity of Toyota in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example .............................................................................................................. 5 Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 6 1. Presentation ............................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Background of the Research Problem ........................................................... 9 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................ 11 1.3 Aims or Purpose of this Study....................................................................... 12 1.4 Research Objectives ....................................................................................... 12 1.5 Research Questions ........................................................................................ 13 1.6 Significance of the Study ..................................... .......................................... 13 1.7 Rationale for Choosing the Research Topic.................................................. 13 1.8 Research Procedure ...................................................................................... ... ............................ 19 2.1 Conceptual Framework and Research Hypothesis ........................................ 20 2.1.1 Conceptual Framework .................................................................. 20 2.1.2 Research Hypothesis for Further Verification ............................... 22 2.2 Importance of Establishing Strong Brand Equity †¦.....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 2.2.1 Brand Loyalty ................................................................................ 29 2.2.2 Brand Awareness ............................................................................ 34 2.2.3 Brand Association ........................................................................... 36 2.2.4 Perceived Brand Quality ................................................................. 39 2.3 Importance of Effective Pricing Strategy ...................................................... 41 2.4 Significance of Pricing over the Development of Bran d Equity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...... 46 2.5 Significance of Price Changes on Consumer Behavior ............................... 49 2.6 Chapter Summary ....................................................................................... 53 3. Exploration Methodology ............................................................................................. 56 3.1 Research Hypothesis ..................................................................................... 3.2 Research Survey Questionnaire Design........................................................ 3.3 Target Population, Sample Size and Research Venue .................................. 3.4 Research Ethics ............................................................................................. 4. Exploration Findings and Analysis

Human Resources in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HR in Business - Essay Example Tests are commonly seen as a more attractive to the determination choices, since they judge everybody on a similar premise, as opposed to being founded on tests and results taken years prior at college establishments. At the point when a competitor has finished a psychometric test, had passed a strong social meeting and character profile and has experienced a pretend introduction with the selection representative, the HR have made all fundamental progress they need so as to settle on a sensible choice about who to offer the position. They are cost-gainful in the long haul, on the grounds that are moderately modest and simple to regulate, on the grounds that the addressed are not observed by right answers. Be that as it may, giving input can be monotonous now and again, on the grounds that it requires focus and assessment, which takes additional time. Government sanctioned tests can regularly be emotional, on the grounds that various individuals see diversely test questions. Deciphering the inquiry depends to a more prominent degree on the social and instructive foundation, on its family esteems and individual mentality. Additionally brings about surveying applicants could be diverse relying upon the evaluator. This is along these lines, since while responding to the test questions, the applicants may be influenced by their present mind-sets, or being under pressure, so the standartization of the tests may not answays decipher the outcomes for the up-and-comers. Respondents can purposefully extend and depict themselves in a light totally different in the event that they had an eye to eye meet. A portion of the individuals can react to the inquiries in a manner that isn't veritable, suggests self-advancement and purposely leaves wrong impression to the enrollment specialist. There is a sure hazard required for the competitors when they need to connect with themselves in protracted tests, before they have the chance to initially talk about their job and employment position with the enrollment specialist. Overtiredness and loss of time, if the

My mom only had one eye

My mom only had one eye My mom only had one eye. I hated her She was such an embarrassment. She cooked for students and teachers to support the family.There was this one day during elementary school where my mom came to say hello to me. I was so embarrassed.How could she do this to me? I ignored her, threw her a hateful look and ran out. The next day at school one of my classmates said, EEEE, your mom only has one eye! I wanted to bury myself. I also wanted my mom to just disappear. I confronted her that day and said, If youre only gonna make me a laughing stock, why dont you just die?My mom did not respond I didnt even stop to think for a second about what I had said, because I was full of anger. I was oblivious to her feelings.I wanted out of that house, and have nothing to do with her. So I studied real hard, got a chance to go abroad to study.Then, I got married. I bought a house of my own. I had kids of my own. I was happy with my life, my kids and the comforts. Then one day, my Mother came to visit m e. She hadnt seen me in years and she didnt even meet her grandchildren.When she stood by the door, my children laughed at her, and I yelled at her for coming over uninvited. I screamed at her, How dare you come to my house and scare my children! GET OUT OF HERE! NOW!!!And to this, my mother quietly answered, Oh, Im so sorry. I may have gotten the wrong address. and she disappeared out of sight.One day, a letter regarding a school reunion came to my house. So I lied to my wife that I was going on a business trip. After the reunion, I went to the old shack just out of curiosity.My neighbors said that she died. I did not shed a single tear. They handed me a letter that she had wanted me to have.My dearest son,I think of you all the time. Im sorry that I came to your house and scared your children.I was so glad when I heard you were coming for the reunion. But I may not be able to even get out of bed to see you. Im sorry that I was a constant embarrassment to you when you were growing up.You see..when you were very little, you got into an accident, and lost your eye. As a mother, I couldnt stand watching you having to grow up with one eye. So I gave you mine.I was so proud of my son who was seeing a whole new world for me, in my place, with that eye.With all my love to you,Your mother.Author Unknown

Childhood Vaccines And Its Effects On Children - 1528 Words

Vaccinations have been widely discussed and debated about whether or not people should vaccinate their children. â€Å"Childhood vaccines offer protection from serious or potentially fatal diseases† (The Mayo Clinic, 2014)†. Vaccinations prevent diseases that can affect a child with symptoms of a cold or in some cases, the disease can be much more serious and can cause disability and death. The problem is that parents are choosing not to vaccinate their children against them. With choosing against vaccinating a child becoming a common occurrence, diseases that have been eradicated from the United States, are now starting to show back up in society. If there are no strict requirements on vaccinations, then diseases that have been dormant for decades from the U.S. will become into an epidemic. There are many reasons why parents state that they choose not to vaccinate their children. Some include religion, philosophical, and the possible connection to autism. These r easons have been proven to not be strong enough against the threat of the serious disease that vaccinations protect against. There are new regulations going into place, making it an educational and training process to the parents if they choose to not vaccinate their children. In addition to this, there are laws and regulations regarding who is liable in these situations. A child could possibly sue their parents or a third party could sue because they or someone in their family was affected from an infectedShow MoreRelatedEssay Vaccinations: Vaccines Should Be Mandatory For All People 1001 Words   |  5 Pagesadministered vaccines in 1796 (Health Affairs). Throughout history, vaccinations have become better to where they are safer for the human body. Everyone should get vaccinated against certain disease to stay healthy. Vaccines have been proven to make people immune to serious diseases (Childhood Immunization). By being vaccinated the person is not only helping themselves but others around them too. Vaccines are an important tool for preventing disease and should be mandatory for all people. Childhood vaccinesRead MoreMandatory Vaccination Should Be Mandatory Vaccinations1228 Words   |  5 Pagesreason to have mandatory vaccinations is that these vaccines are safe and approved by trusted medical organizations that give citizens advice on most other health issues. Because the vaccines are safe and trusted by professionals, there should be little resistance to having them be mandatory. Adverse reactions to vaccinations is a rare occurrence meaning there is minimal risk in implementing mandatory vaccinations. Also when children are given vaccines at a young age they will not have to pay to haveRead MoreChildhood Immunization Against 16 Pathogens1170 Words   |  5 Pagessupport for vaccinations in infants, children and teens. Vaccinations is one of the best ways parents can protect their children from 16 potentially harmful diseases. Some of these diseases are not only harmful to children but they highly contagious and can also be deadly. Furthermore, immunizations do a great job of preventing epidemics of these dangerous diseases spreading to the community. †¢ Vaccination can save children’s lives. Currently the CDC recommends childhood immunization against 16 pathogensRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandated For Everyone1053 Words   |  5 Pagespreventing these diseases. The main point for vaccines is to prepare a person’s immune system for any possible attack of a disease that comes in the future; a person’s body will be prepared to fight off the disease with the vaccine (â€Å"Basics†). Vaccines have the ability to prevent many cases of these diseases in advanced, but there are people who think vaccines are unnatural and should not be required for their children. It is said that immunity in child vaccines are about 90%-100%, which is an increaseRead MoreChildhood Vaccinations Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthe controversy surrounding the morality, effectiveness, and safety of childhood immunizations. The major argument is whether or not laws should be established to declare vaccination mandatory for all children. â€Å"The US food and Drug administra tion (FDA) regulates all vaccines to ensure safety and effectiveness,† (ProCon.org, 2012) therefor there should not be any reason to risk the health of any child. Vaccinating our children not only ensures their safety but also that of their future to come. Read MoreEssay Childhood Vaccinations: A Game of Russian Roulette?1551 Words   |  7 PagesParents make sure their children get a proper diet, wear their bicycle helmet, and get enough sleep. Every parent wants to do what is best for their children and protect them from harm. No parent would allow their child to play with a loaded weapon, even with the safety on, and expect the best outcome. It would never happen. But it does. With every vaccine that is given, we are playing Russian roulette with our children’s lives. Childhood vaccinations have replaced common childhood illness as a â€Å"riteRead MoreThe Modern Era Of Childhood Immunizations Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pagesthe modern era of childhood immunizations, parents would have been surprised at the thought that future generations would be able to protect their children from many of the most serious childhood infectious diseases. The development of immunizations is fairly recent, but one of the greatest successes in medical history. Most parents in the United States understand how imperative childhood immunizations are, but there are some parents that still chose to not have their children immunized against theseRead MoreVaccinations And Its Effects On Children1712 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch will be on vaccines focusing on the benefits and its potentially adverse effects in children. Additionally this research will reveal if vaccines are linked to or are causes of other illnesses. Overall I intend to enlighten readers on not only the benefits and risks of vaccination but also on relatable legal information that could result from having issues after being vaccinated. Are we rolling the dice on childhood vaccination? Vaccines are an important benefit to children and research hasRead MoreSkipping Childhood Vaccination Is Not Neglect Essay1241 Words   |  5 PagesSkipping Childhood Vaccination Is Not Neglect According to The Guardian, everyday approximately 11,000 babies are born in the United States of America. From the time they are born, they are required to be immunized. In the first few hours of life, these newborns receive the Hepatitis B vaccine. There are parents however who are skeptical about the potential side effects of all the vaccines. They think that immunizations are going to harm their children by causing them to develop neurological deficitsRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccination1241 Words   |  5 Pagesbest for children, whether it be their own or not. Most people also want the best for society. But the question is, why would some of these same people deliberately cause the suffering of children and jeopardize society just because they do not believe in vaccination? Vaccinations help save lives by building immunity to deadly diseases, but people are willing to risk lives just because their political beliefs or religious beliefs or skepticism keeps them from vaccinati ng their children. To make

History and Modern Applications of X-Rays - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1373 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? History and Modern Applications of X-Rays We see X-Rays all the time in television, science fiction novels, and comic book superheroes, but what is fact and what is fiction? By examining their makeup, history, modern applications, dangers, protection, and even possible future developments we can understand these scientific marvels far better and more accurately than watching an episode of Star Trek or reading a Superman comic. First and most important is to analyze why an X-ray works and what it is. These â€Å"rays† are high energy, low wavelength beams of electromagnetic energy – very similar to the light we can see; only they are completely invisible to us because our eyes lack the ability to detect its wavelength. They are produced by the movement of electrons in atoms. Electrons exist in constant orbit around an atom’s nucleus in different levels of energy, also known as orbitals. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History and Modern Applications of X-Rays" essay for you Create order When an electron makes the transition – drops to a lower orbital, it needs to release some energy – which it does in the form of a photon. The energy level of this photon corresponds to how far the electron dropped between orbitals. So when a photon collides with another atom, the energy in the photon sometimes gets absorbed and boosts an electron in that atom to a higher level, but only if the amount of energy in the photon (from the 1st electrons drop) matches the energy required to boost the 2nd electron. Otherwise, the photon will not shift electrons between orbitals. That means that while visible light often has just the right energy to be absorbed by most objects, X-Ray photons will pass through almost everything because they contain far too much energy to be absorbed. Thus, by using a high-voltage vacuum tube to accelerate and release high energy electrons at a large velocity, we are capable of emitting X-rays at one end of an object. By placing an X-ray detector on the other side, something like a photographic plate, film, screen, or any other type of what is known as an â€Å"image receptor† (modern X-rays often have digital outputs), we are capable of capturing information about the object in the middle. That means, unfortunately, that they are nothing like what the Superman comics or fictional â€Å"X-Ray specs† sometimes shown in cartoons or science fiction would have us believe, as it does not make sense for an object (such as the lasses or Superman’s eyes) to project X-rays – that would do nothing without a detector on the other side, and for the object to be an X-ray detector would also make no sense as in that case there is no projector. Common misunderstandings like these are perpetuated all the time in popular culture, so to better understand we must examine its origin. The X-Ray was actually discovered on accident by a scientist almost 100 years after the discoveries of the other categories of radiation – Infrared and Ultraviolet were already discovered. A scientist named Wilhelm Roentgen stumbled upon their existence in 1896 by accident: he noticed that a fluorescent screen in his lab was glowing when he left an electron beam on, which by itself was expected as fluorescent material is known to glow in response to radiation, but this case was unique because the tube had been surrounded by heavy black cardboard – yet the screen still glowed, even though the cardboard was expected to have blocked most of the radiation. He began to play with the situation, putting various objects between the tube and the screen – yet it still glowed. Eventually he put his own hand in the path of the radiation and was amazed to see the silhouette of his bones projected onto the screen. Ironically then, the very first usage of X-Rays in its discovery would turn out to be its most practical application to this day. Medical science uses X-rays to examine broken bones or swallowed or embedded objects in a person’s body, dentistry uses it to pinpoint cavities, and some modified X-rays have even been used to examine thin tissue such as lungs, heart, intestines, and blood vessels to check for irregularities that can subsequently be repaired. The reason X-Rays penetrate the outer layer of the body and not the bones lies in the way that X-Rays are absorbed: whether or not the energy is picked up depends entirely on the kind of atom in the absorber, a relationship that depends on the number of electrons (also known as the atomic number) of the atom. As such, the large thick areas of calcium atoms in your body (i. e. the bones) are much more capable of absorbing X-Ray photons than the thin tissue of our Carbon and Oxygen based flesh, thus the X-Ray’s pass through the latter while leaving a silhouette of the former. The second major modern application of X-Rays is in the security industry, particularly airport security, which uses the technology to scan incoming luggage for devices that may be able to cause harm on a plane such as a weapon or explosive. Again, like with medical technology, this has saved countless lives through the clever adaptation of the properties of these high energy beams of radiation. Other uses have been found in the field of astronomy, where detectors are used to pick up X-rays from extremely distant celestial objects and gain an idea of their size and makeup, as well as in industrial manufacturing wherein X-rays are applied to machinery to determine the quality of a weld or correct assembly of parts. Like any powerful technology, there are also dangers in exposure to X-rays. While the benefits of getting an X-Ray, especially in a situation in which one is faced with a broken bone or other medical emergency, generally far outweigh the risks, it is worth noting that there is no proven â€Å"acceptable† threshold for which exposure to radiation does no damage to the body – all additional doses of radiation the body is exposed to slightly increase the risk of getting cancer in your later years. As such, in instances where X-rays can be avoided – especially in high risk patients like the fetus inside of a pregnant mother – it is generally advised that you do so. On that note, an important facet of any X-ray discussion revolves around exactly what can be used to stop them – as X-Rays go into higher and higher energy levels; it becomes increasingly difficult to find a shield that will prevent them from penetrating. The go-to element at present is Lead, chosen for its low cost and extremely high density which causes it to absorb a large portion of incident X-Rays. Because of the way the X-Ray works, however, its range through any matter – regardless of density – is theoretically infinite if it is lucky enough to avoid interaction with the atom as it passes through. This is why a simple thin sheet of lead is frequently not sufficient and areas wishing to shield themselves from the radiation will use increasingly thick layers of the material in proportion to the energy of the X-Rays, exponentially increasingly the likelihood that they will be shielded. Finally, what is in store for the future of this technology? While it is mpossible to predict all of what innovators will be able to dream up in the future, we already know some projects currently in development that are set to vastly improve current X-Ray technology, bringing the resultant images into full color and in much higher detail and resolution than ever before, giving unprecedented info to the professionals that will be using them. Others are working on what is called †Å"ultrafast† X-rays, in which snapshots can be taken at lightning-quick speeds, allowing better understanding and manipulation of things that move extremely fast, such as electrons in an atom. In conclusion, the accidental discovery of the X-Ray – i. e. the high energy, low wavelength portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has been a boon not just to the medical field but to a wide variety of scientific and commercial endeavors – a merit that seemingly will only grow in the future as more and more applications and advances are discovered for the technology. Who knows, maybe one day the outrageous ideas of science fiction may in fact become a reality!

Find Out Who is Concerned About Transfer Essay Samples and Why You Should be Listening to Them

Find Out Who is Concerned About Transfer Essay Samples and Why You Should be Listening to Them The Ideal Approach for Transfer Essay Samples Since the merchandise is restricted to online ordering, many have questions regarding the Hydroxatone customer service. Clearance isn't granted until all prior balances are paid. In many instances, change at distinct levels, etc. If you're busy with their other responsibilities, you've come to the correct spot. Along with the UC program, applicants need to submit a supplemental application. Meeting deadlines is critical in the college application procedure, while it's the very first time around or as a transfer. Tell us more objective criteria like a member. Optional applicants should answer the chance to compose powerful essays. The Penn application procedure involves a personal essay together with a Penn-specific essay. Well, actually, it's a bit more complicated than that, but it's still not as hard as you may imagine. You will also need to learn to compose a transfer essay. By reading the practical info, you can be in a position to understand how to compose a college transfer essay. As soon as you have started to craft a productive transfer essay, make sure you're attentive and diligent to the end. On occasion, all you will need is to craft a productive transfer essay. Although there isn't any ideal outline for a guaranteed spotless transfer essay, there are a few guidelines to help your essay on the way. The reward of doing them after is they can serve as drafts to the essay you will come to complete, but you might not be as connected to the experience that you want to share. Decide just what qualities you need to stress then make sure that your essay is structured to highlight these traits. New Step by Step Roadmap for Transfer Essay Samples Don't forget that there's a reason why you would like to transfer, and if you're passionate about any of this, it is going to shine through in your writing. Secondly, you are able to get your work done in a suitable manner also. We've got very little doubt he has the abilities and intellectual curiosity to be successful at Penn, and David has made a strong argument about why this specific transfer makes plenty of sense. The very last thing a school would like to see is that you shut off your mind to unique opportunities once you opted to transfer. You may choose to select a particular moment or incident in your life that changed the manner in which you think and explain how that change happened. The explanations for why you think going to another college is probably going to be a great move will likely use up quite a great deal of your essay, but even if your reasons are simple, they need to be clearly written, be positive, and be valid. You can do nothing with the terrible grades you presently have. The Fundamentals of Transfer Essay Samples Revealed In a nutshell, you will receive the successful effects in the long run. For instance, you hope to be a doctor later on as you love biology and chemistry. Year as part questions is going to be the creative. No matter the reason, refrain from speaking ill of your existing school. The essay supplies you with the chance to showcase elements of yo ur nature and experiences that fit nicely with the University of Maryland community. Regardless of what college you want to enroll at, you need to compose an admission essay. On the flip side, your school-specific why transfer essay must concentrate on the elements of that specific school that align with your requirements or the sort of college experience that you seek. There's numerous signals of a college transfer essay. Students who've been out of school for a number of decades, or that have a personal circumstance that affected performance, may want to tackle that situation in their essay. Instead, talk about the way in which the school wasn't the ideal fit for you personally. You shouldn't say anything negative about your present school. Clearly, your present school wasn't best for you.

Infant Toddler Curriculum free essay sample

In this term paper I will explore infant and toddler curriculum. I will discuss: the developmental themes in infancy, infant toddler curriculum, and the differences between preschool curriculum and appropriate infant toddler curriculum. In conclusion I will share some of my personal feelings about infant and toddler curriculum, including the challenges and rewards. Developmental Themes of Infancy ‘The behaviors and abilities that develop during each stage are influenced by the theme that consumes that stage (Blackboard, 2013). † The three themes of infant development are: security (Young Birth to 8 months); exploration (Mobile 6 months-18 months); and identity (Toddler 15 months to 36 months). During the security stage young infants need to develop relationship with caring adult’s that ensure them they are safe and secure. In the mobile stage young children should be provided the freedom to explore their surroundings utilizing their newly developed gross and fine motor skills. During the toddler stage young children are in search of who they are as individuals in the world around them. â€Å"Developmental domains are one way to describe and think about the different aspects of development in the areas of: emotional; physical, social, cognitive; and language skills of young children. And while we use the domains as a way to organize our thinking and observations of children, in reality all domains are function together simultaneously, especially in the first three years of life. This holistic development is separated into the developmental domains for the purpose of observation, study, developmental assessment, and planning (Blackboard, 2013). † Therefore, it is important to understand how the developmental domains relate to the three themes of infant development; in order to provide DAP care and activities for children in each stage of early childhood development. For instance, an understanding of the young infant stage, babies develop a sense of security from their caregivers. It is this sense of security, that allows the baby to build an urge to explore, later motivating them to take risks and advance their current knowledge of their environment. This may require removing all sharp objects from the area and covering electrical outlets and ensuring. However, prepping the room for child safety is not the only concern. It is imperative to play close attention, and respond to the needs of young infants. â€Å"Very young children need adults who listen, smile, and talk with them or babble when they babble; watch for when they need quiet and solitude; and notice and communicate pleasure over such newfound skills as creeping, climbing, holding, dropping, or adding new sounds and words (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 61). † An understanding of the mobile stage of development will make one aware of the safety precautions needed to allow mobile toddlers to explore the environment. Mobile infants often explore by mouthing and must be protected from small parts and fragile toys. In addition a rich learning environment for mobile infants should include safe structures to climb and explore. â€Å"Moving around is essential to learning; it gives babies different perspective and vantage points, which they need in order to move from an entirely egocentric view of space toward a more sophisticated sense of relationship between self, space, and other people (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 53). † An understanding of the toddler stage of development enables caring adults to guide and assist young children’s emotional development. The first two years of a person’s life can set the foundation for the way they create relationships, view others, and understand emotions and how to control them. â€Å"A toddler’s sense of self, of I and me, emerge in a group environment and a culture which private property and the acquisition of things are somewhat scared. This makes the learning of related concepts like mine particularly challenging (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 59). † â€Å"Toddlers learn about who they are in the world through relationships and experiences with adults who care for them. They learn to trust that their needs will be met, or that they will not. The emotional domain includes the infant’s perception of herself and of herself in relation to others. †(Blackboard, 2013). The most important thing a caregiver can do to help a toddler’s emotional development is to create a safe and loving environment for the toddler to learn in. Caregivers should understand that each toddler is different and has different needs. Attending to each individual child in a well-organized and inviting learning environment is essential during his stage early childhood development. Infant Toddler Curriculum â€Å"Because of the specific needs of infants and toddlers the term curriculum is during the early stages of development is complex. To summarize all of the ideas of curriculum, as defined by leaders in the field (Gonzalez-Mena, Eyer, Dodge, Greenman, Stonehouse, Schwikert, Swim, and Watson), you must think about curriculum as an organized framework. To make curriculum DAP for infant and toddlers, it must be based on sound and relevant knowledge such as infant/ toddler development and research; so that it guides early care professional practices in providing purposeful and responsive learning opportunities for each child through daily routines and experiences (Blackboard, 2013). † â€Å"Infant and toddler curriculum plans focus on how to best create a social, emotional, and intellectual climate that supports child-initiated and child-pursued learning. The interests of the child and the belief that each child has a curriculum are what drive practice (Blackboard, 2013)†. It is understood that very young children need to play a significant role in selecting their learning experiences, materials, and content. Curriculum plans, therefore, do not focus on games, tasks, or activities, but on how to best create a social, emotional, and intellectual climate that supports child-initiated and child-pursued learning and the building and sustaining of positive relationships among adults and children. â€Å"Responsive curriculum planning focuses on finding strategies to help infant-toddler teachers search for, support, and keep alive childrens internal motivation to learn, and their spontaneous explorations of people and things of interest and importance to them (Blackboard, 2013). † This should begin with study of the specific children in care. â€Å"Detailed records of each childs interests and skills are kept to give guidance to the adults for the roles they will take in each childs learning (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 30). † It should also be realized from the start that plans should not be static. Adaptation and change are critical parts of the learning process and should be anticipated. â€Å"Once an interaction with a child or small cluster of children begins, the teacher has to be ready to adapt his or her plans and actions so they work for all children, no matter what kind of physical , mental or emotional challenges individual bring to the program (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 30). † Another essential component of planning is attention to a responsive learning environment and specific attention to how environments should be changed. The planning of learning environments is more important to infant-toddler development than specific lessons or specific activities. â€Å"The environment must be seen as part of the curriculum, creating interest and encouraging and supporting exploration (Blackboard, 2013). † Research has shown that much of how infants and toddlers learn best comes not from specific adult-directed lessons but from teachers knowing how to maximize opportunities for each child to use natural learning inclinations. The philosophy of routine care as learning opportunities for infants and toddlers is based on the premise that, â€Å"Relationships develop through all kinds of interactions, but especially during ones that happen while adults are carrying out those essential activities of daily living sometimes called caregiving routines (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 5)†, such as: feeding, diapering; toilet training/learning; washing; bathing and grooming; dressing; napping. â€Å" For caregiving routines to become curriculum, they can’t be done mechanically. Each time a caregiver interacts in ways that focus fully on the individual child while performing one of these essential activities of daily living, the time spent furthers connections. When caregivers manipulate the child’s body and put their attention elsewhere, they loss the opportunity to let the child experience an intimate human interaction. It’s the accumulation of intimacy during these numerous interactions that turns ordinary tasks into a relationship-based curriculum (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 53). † The role of the adult in intentional curriculum planning and supporting learning is to be respectful and responsive to the childs ways of learning and understanding. Because early learning is all-inclusive, plans to facilitate the infant toddler learning need to be well rounded. Security, exploration, and identity formation are manifested differently during the infant toddler stage, the way adults respond to these needs should be developmental appropriate. Aware that the infant receives information from every domain simultaneously, early childhood professionals recommend that caregivers and caring adults plans to help with infant learning, be created in ways that reflect an awareness of the impact of the experience on all the domains of learning and development simultaneously. Observations and recordings such as: anecdotal notes, individual journals/two-way journals and running records, are also included in the role of the adult in intentional curriculum planning. â€Å"All infants and toddlers deserve caregiving and teaching practices specially tailored to them rather than ones that come with the expectations that children must fit into the program. The role of the team in providing individualized curriculum is to take into consideration each child’s needs, stage of development and personal characteristics. Children have different temperaments, energy levels and parental preferences for caregiving practices (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 151). † Key Differences between Preschool and Infant-Toddler Curriculum According to the text, â€Å"The primary focus of the first three years should be to establish a close and continuous relationship. Education then grows out of the relationship that results from caregiving. Programs that regard infants and toddlers as immature preschoolers and use and activities approach get frustrated with all the â€Å"noneducational† time spent in caregiving and transition times. The care component fits into the total picture. When infant-toddler education comes in a package with play, exploration and caregiving, everything that happens in the program becomes educational. (Gonzalez-Mena, J. Widmeyer, D. M. , 2012, p. 28). † Preschoolers are much more independent and vocal then infant-toddlers. Preschoolers are able to communicate what they what and how they feel. Their motor, language and social/emotional skill are more advanced than that of an infant-toddler. According to Diane Trister Dodge, although, â€Å"both preschool and infant-toddler curriculum share the same five components or framework, the content is very different. Early childhood educators must have: knowledge of child development, how to create a DAP learning environment, knowledge of what children learn at each stage of development, how to guide and assess learning and how to relate to children. However, curriculum for infants is organized around daily routines and experience; whereas the curriculum for preschooler is organized around interest, content and studies (Blackboard Video, 2013). † According to Ron Lally, â€Å"Expectations must be different for preschoolers and toddlers. For example, an early childhood educator cannot expect an infant-toddler to sit still and because infants follow an inborn exploratory agenda and rapidly advances through three major periods of development (previously discussed); and the care and education of the infant-toddler must keep pace with these changes. Infants learn holistically they focus on every part of the interactions (Blackboard Video, 2013). † Infant-toddlers must be afforded the freedom needed to construct their own knowledge of their environment, themselves and others; whereas, toddlers can benefit from a more structured curriculum. Some of the hazards of providing a watered-down preschool approach to infants and toddlers include: not meeting the developmental needs of the infants and toddlers; future growth and development stages delayed; and over stimulation to name a few. Infant and toddler curriculum can be both challenging and rewarding. The challenges in include the rapid changes that take place during this time of growth and development, the varying temperaments of individual children, and the constant adaptations necessary during curriculum implementation. However, the rewards far exceed the challenges. It is very rewarding to see a child reach developmental milestones such as; taking their first step, or speaking their first words. I also find it rewarding to see the smile and since of peace families demonstrate when they know their child is receiving high quality care and DAP learning experiences. In conclusion, I have explored infant and toddler curriculum, discussed the developmental themes in infancy and the differences between preschool curriculum and appropriate infant toddler curriculum. I have also shared some of my personal feelings about infant and toddler curriculum, including the challenges and rewards.